An Overview & Context Through the Late1700s & early 1800s Pueblo Peoples An Overview & Context Through the Late1700s & early 1800s

Introductions Oldest continuous occupation of a single area in the Western Hemisphere outside of Meso-America Cultural, linguistic and trade relations with Meso-America Northern Pueblos influenced by Apache, Navajo, Utes, Comanche and Kiowa Cultural change and tradition Connections with Rio Grande peoples Suma, Manso, etc Multiple axes of analysis Language, political structure, lineage, economy, social organization

Terms and Identities “Anasazi” & Mogollon influences Pueblos = Spanish term for people living in “villages” 4 Language families Multiple languages that are mutually unintelligible

General Characteristics Intensive horticulture Elaborate ceremonial cycle Tightly-knit social organization Domesticated plants & animals Extensive trade networks Highly developed pottery and art/tools Little organized warfare

Comparisons Pueblos in the late 1500s Modern day reservations

Continued… Clusters along Rio Grande Matrilineal or Patrilineal Typically clans (family lineages) Kivas, Katsinas, medicine societies Some have “moieties” Dual complimentary social structures. Larger than families and clans, but not necessarily a hereditary structure. Tend to be exogamous. Religious, agricultural, etc. functions. Also have social & biological purposes. Bind clans together. Turquoise/Squash; Summer/Winter Ceremonial & social dances, hunting

Taos Pueblo, 1930s

Linguistic Organization Keresan Family Acoma, Cochiti, Laguna, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santo Domingo, Zia Tanoan Family Tiwa, Tewa Towa Tiwa: Taos, Picuris, Sandia, Isleta Tewa: San Juan, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, Nambe, Tesuque, Pojaque Towa: Jemez Zunian Family Zuni Uto-Aztecan Hopi and many others

Socio-Political Organization Western Pueblos Hopi, Hano, Laguna, Acoma, Zuni Matrilineal and Matrifocal, clans, Katsinas Keresan Bridge Pueblos Zia, Santa Ana, San Felipe, Santo Domingo Cochiti Centralized political/social, matrilineal clans, moieties Eastern Tanoan Pueblos Tesuque, Nambe, Pojaque, Ildefonso, S.C., S.J, Taos, Picuris, Sandia, Isleta Moderate centralization, bilateral, no clans: moieties

Photographs Acoma woman, 1939 Father and Son, 1893

“Great Southwest Revolt of 1680” Juan de Onate Santa Fe Pueblo Revolt 1680 Conversion Oppression Land & Labor Apaches/Navajos Environment Popé/Popay

“Reconquista of 1692/3” Spain tempered conversion efforts Spanish settlers and Nuevo Hispano villagers Vecinos, pobladores, pueblos, communal land holdings Land Grants to Spanish & Pueblos Conflicts between Spanish groups for labor Missions, Presidios, hacendados, traders, Congregation, repartimiento, ecomienda, rescate Apache-Comanche-Navajo-Hopi tensions, trade, captivity and intermarriage Intermarriage of Pueblos into Hispano settlements & vice-versa “Detribalized” Indians, Genizaros No Treaties

Cultural & Political Hybridity 1598 & 1620 Spanish imposed new forms of government These blended with or overlapped with Pueblo forms “Traditional” or Religious Cacique & Cacique Society War Chief & War Captain, aides Tribal Councils Secular Governor & Aides Fiscale and aides Sheriff & Acequia/ditch bosses

From Joe S. Sando, Pueblo Nations

Pastoral Borderlands, 1800 Note the Hopi Villages to the West, organized mainly on three large Mesas Note the location of Mount Taylor and Big Bead, two important points in Dine-Pueblo Relations

Southwest Borderlands, 1770s Pueblo Peoples in context of regional cultures, Spanish trade lines, and slave- exchange economies Note the location of El Paso del Norte & Chihuahua Note the proximity of the Cheyenne, Wichita, Arapaho

New Mexico circa 1800 Indian Pueblos and Spanish Settlements Interspersed Genizaro communities in Belen, Anton Chico, Mora, Las Trampas, Chimayo Pecos Pueblo and Taos Pueblo contact with llaneros, Comanches, Comancheros, Cibolleros

Conclusions By 1800, Puebloan communities had condensed into fewer and fewer sites Population declines due to exogamy, disease, captive-taking, environmental pressures Impact of Spanish institutions created cultural compartmentalization and syncretism Political, religious, etc. Tense and strained relationship with Hispano communities re: water, land grants, racial status Cultural diversification on N-S and E-W axes Tiguas/Ysleta del Sur