Nation and Memory in Russia, Poland, and Ukraine Lecture 11 The Great War Week 1, Spring Term

National concepts and war aims Outline National concepts and war aims Galicia: Atrocities, occupation, reconquest 3. The February Revolution 4. Outlook 2

Putzger, Historischer Weltatlas, pp. 106-107

Pavel Miliukov, leader of the liberal party (Kadets)

Tsar and supporter of autocracy Russian Concepts 1914 Tsar and supporter of autocracy Strengthening of the authority of the Tsar Territorial gains in West and South (Constantinople) Defeat of Germany and Austria Occupation of East Galicia and Bukowina – Liberation of Russian (East Slavic – Ruthenian) population To win the support of the Poles – Promise of autonomy of unified ethnic Polish territory under tsarist rule Society Constitutional reforms, participation of society Territorial gains in West and South (Constantinople) Defeat of Germany and Austria Occupation of East Galicia and Bukowina – Liberation of Russian (East Slavic – Ruthenian) population To win the support of the Poles – Promise of autonomy of unified ethnic Polish territory under tsarist rule

Józef Piłsudski Roman Dmowski

Polish Concepts 1914 Piłsudski Independence Together with Austria and Germany Federation of Poland with Ukraine, Lithuania etc., inclusive Rights of minorities Jagiellonian Poland – territory in the East Enemy No. 1: Russia Dmowski Autonomy of a unified Poland under tsar Together with Russia Polish nation state, exclusive, mainly Polish Catholics Assimilationist “Piast Poland” – territory in the West Enemy No. 1: Germany

Mykhailo Hrushevsky, 1866-1934 Kost Levytsky, 1859-1941

Ukrainian Concepts 1914 Russian Ukraine Defeat of Austria Autonomy of ethnic Ukrainian territory in a constitutional or democratic Russia Unification of Ukraine under Tsar East Galicia Defeat of Russia Autonomy (Ukrainian Crownland) in Austria, partition of Galicia and Lodomeria Unification of Ukraine under Austrian Emperor

National concepts and war aims Outline National concepts and war aims Galicia: Atrocities, occupation, reconquest 3. The February Revolution 4. Outlook 10

1914

Multiethnic borderland Confessions/Religions Lviv/Lwów/Lemberg 212,000 inhabitants 51% Roman-Catholic 28% Jewish 19% Greek-Catholic Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria 8,016,000 inhabitants 46.5% Roman-Catholic 42.1% Greek-Catholic 10.9% Jewish East Galicia 5,235,000 inhabitants 25.3% Roman-Catholic 12.4% Jewish 61.7% Greek-Catholics West Galicia 2,689,000 inhabitants 88.6% Roman-Catholic 7.9% Jewish 3.2% Greek-Catholic

Synagogue 'Golden Rose' One of the Khasidic synagogues Jewish hospital Progressive synagogue 'The Temple'

Одна из экзекуций О. Роман Березовский и крестьяне Лев Кобылянский и Пантелеймон Жабяк (См.стр. 31). http://www.talergof.org.ua/foto/1-114.html

World War I

Destroyed Jewish settlement in Galicia, 1914 Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, Kriegsarchiv http://kurier.at/thema/erster-weltkrieg/fuer-kaiser-und-vaterland-juedisches-leben-und-sterben-im-ersten-weltkrieg Saving sacred objects from the fire, 1914 © Österreichisches Staatsarchiv/Kriegsarchiv

Russian Occupation Policy Making East Galicia Russian: Russification Ukrainians as Little Russians Persecution of Ukrainophiles Church Policy Co-operation with Polish Elites: limited success Discrimination of Jews

National concepts and war aims Outline National concepts and war aims Galicia: Atrocities, occupation, reconquest 3. The February Revolution 4. Outlook 22

Revolutions in Russia Alexander Kerenski Vladimir I. Lenin

Consequences of the February Revolution For Poles full independence now a realistic option Austrian/German offers no longer very attractive In Galicia: weakens Polish loyalty to Habsburg dynasty (also result of death of Emperor Franz Josef) Ukrainians in Galicia: still loyal – need Austrian support against Poles Most Jews loyal to Austria

National concepts and war aims Outline National concepts and war aims Galicia: Atrocities, occupation, reconquest 3. The February Revolution 4. Outlook 26

Brutalisation of political and ethnic conflicts (also availability of weapons and trained soldiers) Defeats and war related problems undermine loyalty to Austrian and Russian Empire Possibility of national autonomy or independence have a mobilising effect on ethnic minorities in Empires Question: who will profit more from destabilisation of old imperial order? Will there be socialist or national revolutions?

What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. XIII. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. 8 January, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (Delivered in Joint Session of the Congress, January 8, 1918)