They’re more than you think – Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs Ms. Jacobsen

Verbs – what are they? Definition: describes an action (past, present, or future) being performed or a state of being But this is NOT the only definition of a verb, nor is it the only type of verb! IMPORTANT FACT: The type depends upon its environment and how the word is being utilized within a sentence.

The Top 10 Verb Types Auxiliary (helping verb) Lexical Dynamic Stative Modal auxiliaries Lexical Dynamic Stative Transitive Intransitive Finite Infinite Weak (regular) Strong (irregular)

Auxiliary and Lexical Verbs Auxiliary Verb Lexical Verb Definition: determines the mood or tense of another verb in a phrase. Example: "It will rain tonight" the verb will "helps" the verb rain by pointing to the future. primary auxiliaries:  the various forms of be, have, and do. modal auxiliaries: can, could, may, must, should, shall, will, and would Definition: any verb in English that isn't an auxiliary verb it conveys a real meaning and doesn't depend on another verb Example: "It rained all night."

Dynamic and Stative Verbs Dynamic Verb Stative Verb Definition: indicates an action, process, or sensation Example: "I bought a new guitar." Definition: describes a state, situation, or condition such as be, have, know, like, own, and seem Example: "Now I own a Gibson Explorer."

Finite and Nonfinite Verbs Definition: expresses tense and can occur on its own in a main clause Example: "She walked to school." Definition: doesn't show a distinction in tense and can occur on its own only in a dependent phrase or clause Example: "While walking to school, she spotted a bluejay."

Regular and Irregular Verbs Regular Verb (Weak Verb) Definition: forms its past tense and past participle by adding -d or - ed (or in some cases -t) to the base form Example: "We finished the project." Irregular Verb (Strong Verb) Definition: doesn't form the past tense by adding -d or –ed Example: "Gus ate the wrapper on his candy bar."

The Trickiest Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Definition: is followed by a direct object Example: "She sells seashells." Intransitive Verb Definition: doesn't take a direct object Example: "She sat there quietly."

Verbs, in conclusion,… Have many other roles and duties within a sentence than mere action. Other Types that are there, but won’t be on the exam: Causative verbs show that some person or thing helps to make something happen. Catenative verbs join with other verbs to form a chain or series. Copular verbs link the subject of a sentence to its complement. Then there are performative verbs, mental-state verbs, prepositional verbs, iteratives, and reporting verbs (this isn’t including the passive or the subjunctive!)

Adverbs Definition: modify or describe a verb or another adverb Not the only type Types: Adverbs of Time Place Manner Degree Frequency

Adverb of Time and Place Adverb of Place Definition: tells us when something is done or happens. Used at the beginning or the end of a sentence. In order to show emphasis when we place it at the beginning. include afterwards, already, always, immediately, last month, now, soon, then, and yesterday. Examples: He collapsed and died yesterday. His factory was burned down a few months ago. Definition: tells us where something is done or happens. Used after the verb, direct object or at the end of a sentence. include words such as above, below, here, outside, over there, there, under, upstairs. Examples: We can stop here for lunch. The schoolboy was knocked over by a school bus. They rushed for their lives when fire broke out in the floor below.

Adverb of Manner and Frequency Adverb of Frequency Adverb of Manner Definition: how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of manner end in –ly , but not all such as badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, and others that include well, hard, fast.. Examples: The brothers were badly injured in the fight. They had to act fast to save the others floating in the water. Definition: the level or extent that something is done or happens. Such as almost, much, nearly, quite, really, so, too, very, etc. Examples: It was too dark for us to find our way out of the cave. (Before an adjective) The referee had to stop the match when it began to rain really heavily. (Before an adverb) Her daughter is quite fat for her age. The accident victim nearly died from his injuries.

Now adjectives! Definition: modify or describe nouns Adjective Types: Articles Possessive Demonstratives Coordinate Numbers Interrogative Indefinite Attributive

Article and Possessive Adjectives Article Adjective (Indefinite Articles) Definition: used to discuss non- specific things and people Include: a, an Article Adjectives (Definite Article) Definition: used to discuss specific things or people Include: the Possessive Adjective Definition: used to indicate possession. Include: My Your His Her Its Our Their

Demonstrative and Interrogative Adjectives Demonstrative Adjective Definition: used to indicate or demonstrate specific people, animals, or things. Include: these, those, this and that Interrogative Adjective Definition: modify nouns. Include: which, what, and whose. all three of these words are used to ask questions.

Coordinate and Numbers Adjectives Coordinate Adjective Definition: are separated with commas or the word and, and appear one after another to modify the same noun. Example: the phrase “bright, sunny day” and “long and dark night” are coordinate adjectives. In phrases with more than two coordinate adjectives, the word and always appears before the last one; for example: The sign had big, bold, and bright letters. Numbers Adjective Definition: When they’re used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can tell that a number is an adjective when it answers the question “How many?” Example: The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six. ; He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards.

Indefinite and Attributive Adjectives Indefinite Adjective Definition: Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific things. The most common indefinite adjectives include any, many, no, several, and few. Attributive Adjective Definition: talk about specific traits, qualities, or features – in other words, they are used to discuss attributes. More on this adjective on the next slide

Attributive Adjectives Continued… There are different kinds of attributive adjectives: Observation adjectives: such as real, perfect, best, interesting, beautiful or cheapest can indicate value or talk about subjective measures. Size and shape adjectives: talk about measurable, objective qualities including specific physical properties. Some examples include small, large, square, round, poor, wealthy, slow Age adjectives: denote specific ages in numbers, as well as general ages. Examples are old, young, new, five-year-old, and Color adjectives: are exactly what they sound like – they’re adjectives that indicate color. Examples include pink, yellow, blue, Origin adjectives: indicate the source of the noun, whether it’s a person, place, animal or thing. Examples include American, Canadian, Mexican, French. Material adjectives: denote what something is made of. Some examples include cotton, gold, wool, and Qualifier adjectives: are often regarded as part of a noun. They make nouns more specific; examples include log cabin, luxury car, and pillow cover.