The Mongols & Eurasian Migrations 1200-1500 Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

Happening Now Americas Europe Middle East Africa 1325: Aztecs found Tenochtitlan 1438-1533: Inca Empire Europe 1215: Magna Carta signed in England 1337-1453: Hundred Years War 1454: Gutenberg Bible printed Middle East 1258: Mongols attack Baghdad, end Abbassid Caliphate 1453: Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople Africa 1324-25: Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca 1499: Vasco da Gama rounds Africa

Rise & Rule of The Mongols Mongols: Turkic speaking pastoral nomads of Central Asia/Mongolia Superb horsemen, herders, and hunters Slave labor, tribute clans Interfamily alliances + interfaith marriage= political federations Self-sufficient with meat/milk, traded for iron Khans spoke to and for God, shamanism Mongol women give great respect and freedom relative to village women 1206-1227: Genghis Khan, Temüjin, becomes Mongol leader Promotes religious tolerance, cultural diversity and exchange, and harsh punishment for enemies 1206-1221: Empire stretches from China to Iran 1227-1241: Reign of Great Khan Ögödei Established capital at Karakorum Tanggut and Jin China destroyed, replaced with Mongol governors 1236-1241: Batu conquers Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary 1265: Family unity breaks down when Khublai declares himself Khan 1271: Moves capital to Beijing, founds Yuan Empire in China Other Mongols establish Islam in Central Asia, maintain inter-Turkic relations

Genghis’s Family of Khans Genghis Khan r. 1206-1227 Jochi Batu r. 1224-1255 Golden Horde of Russia Jagadai r. 1227-1242 Jagadai Khanate Ögödei r. 1227-1241 Güyük r. 1246-1248 Tolui Möngke r. 1248-1257 Khubilai r. 1265-1294 Yuan Emperor Hülegü r. 1256-1265 Il-khan Emperor

Mongol Domains, 1300

Mongols & Islam Islamic culture destroyed with Mongol invasion of Baghdad Cultures difficult to reconcile Il-Kahn state founded by Hülegü in Persia Shortly allied with Western European Crusader states in Palestine, Lebanon Convert to Islam in 1295 Khanate of Jagadai North Central Asia Allied with Muslim Mamluk Turks, convert Mongols adapt Muslim urbanism, tax system, science Timur, commands Khanate of Jagadai, invades Middle East and India

Responses in Western Eurasia Russia Golden Horde rules from Sarai in south Granted privileges to Orthodox Church Russian language dominates Russian princes = Mongol gov’t officials Alexander Nevskii favored by Mongols Novgorod & Moscow become trade centers Power and population shifts north Late 1400s, Ivan III, Prince of Moscow, is tsar Anatolia and Eastern Europe Independent Eastern European kingdoms emerge (Lithuania, Serbia) Ottoman Turks establish sultanate in Anatolia 1453: Mehmet II conquers Constantinople, renamed Istanbul

Mongols In China Great Khan Ögödei heavily taxes China, Khubilai Khan continues Yuan successes: Secure transportation & communication Eurasian cultural & population exchange Transmission of information, ideas, and skills Acceptance of Chinese religion and culture Tibetan Buddhist lamas become influential Reunified China, Jin capital of Beijing established as great city Mongol Social Structure: Mongols, Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Northern Chinese, Southern Chinese Merchants enjoyed higher status than under traditional Chinese dynasties Mongol infighting and Chinese farmer rebellion replaces Yuan Empire with Ming Dynasty Independent clans still in control of Mongolia welcome Yuan refugees, new sense of Mongol unity established

Ming China Buddhist Rebel Zhu Yuanzhang becomes Emperor Hongwu Reestablishes traditional Chinese culture Some Mongol ideas linger (provinces, prof) Establishes Ming capital in Nanjing Espouses Confucian view of imperial power Declares war on “barbarians” Closes relations with Mid. East & Central Asia Silver replaces paper money Emperor Yongle (1403-1424) reintroduces Mongol ideas Returns capital to Beijing, improves Forbidden City Reopens relations with rest of Asia Funds maritime exploration (Zheng He) Ming China not as innovative as Song China Return of civil exam system discourages merchant class growth

East Asia & The Mongols Japan and Annam escape Mongol rule Mongol threat forces centralization Korea conquered, local traditions thrive Under Mongols, heavy Yuan influence After Mongols, Korea est. Yi kingdom and trade, move capital to Seoul Renew study of Confucian classics Breakthrough in printing technology

Japan and Annam Decentralized Japan inadequate against Mongols Annam Kamakura Shogunate centralizes, builds coastal defenses and communication/trade infrastructure Ashikaga Shogunate decentralize power to local warlords, est. market towns, economy grows, Zen, urbanization, tech and artistic advancement Annam After Mongol rule, Annam conquers Champa United Annam is foundation of modern Vietnam