Revision overview for First-Third Crusades The Crusades Revision overview for First-Third Crusades

The First Crusade Why then? Role of Papacy- development of Just War Introduced idea of penitential pilgrimage combined with religious warfare - chance of indulgence/personal salvation. What did the Byzantines expect? Why did people go? Land hunger/primogeniture/religious conviction and salvation

Why did the First Crusade succeed? Muslim disunity Religious conviction Crusader leadership/ military tactics. Help from Byzantine Empire

Relations with Byzantine Empire What had happened at the following places? Constantinople Nicaea Antioch Make a list of positive and negative interaction between the Byzantines and the crusaders.

Muslim disunity What had happened in the area since the Battle of Manzikert in 1071? Who were the Muslim leaders? Draw a table of the leaders and the areas they controlled and any disputes or alliances. How effectively did they work together during the First Crusade against the crusaders? Give examples to support your answer.

Religious Conviction Give examples from the First Crusade where the religious nature of the Crusade is marked/notable e.g. Antioch.

Crusader leadership/military tactics Find examples during the Crusade of moments when the leadership of the Crusade was crucial to its success. You may need to consider different characters at various points.

The Second Crusade Massive scale - the French and German contingents were large even given the Iberian and German separate expeditions. Fewer western sources - Odo of Deuil Initial proposal by Eugenius III - little response and it was Louis VII’s decision to go east which led to a further issue of the Bull.

Bernard persuaded Conrad to go even though the Pope needed his support to control Rome. Remarkable response to Bernard’s preaching - why? Edessa was not Jerusalem, it had no significant religious connotations. So is the response due to Bernard’s message of personal salvation?

The Crusade becomes identified with Jerusalem and the attempt to imitate the success of the First Crusade. So, the Crusade becomes a force for self-redemption, a replica of the First Crusade by large, diverse forces led by monarchs. There were more problems with the Byzantine Greeks this time -more ill feeling. Why attack Damascus? Nur ed din was the main Muslim problem but he did not rule Damascus. Look for motives.

The Third Crusade Why did Jerusalem fall in 1187? Why was Saladin unable to complete the task of expelling the Franks? Why did Richard fail to recapture Jerusalem? Both answers so far have focused on lack of manpower/miltary structure(s) Markowski (1997) has argued that Richard lacked the religious conviction of the First Crusaders which affected his military leadership.