Types & Hubble’s Classification Scheme

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Galaxy Classification

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Types & Hubble’s Classification Scheme 100,000-120,000 ly Galaxies Types & Hubble’s Classification Scheme

Galaxies Light-year- is distance light travels in a vacuum in a year (approx. 9.5 trillion Km) Used to measure distances between stars in a galaxy Round trip between Sun and Earth 31,500 times parsec- 1 (pc) equals 3.26 ly Megaparsec- 1 (Mpc) equals 3.26 million light-years Used to measure distances between galaxies

Galaxy Types Galaxy- group of stars, star systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound together by gravity Classified by shape: 4 main types Spiral Barred-spiral Elliptical Irregular.

Relative Orientation The shapes of galaxies can be difficult to determine because of how they are oriented relative to Earth Because they are so far away we can only get one vantage point. Example: Football From the side its an elliptical shape From straight on it appears circular.

Spiral Galaxies Characteristics: Composed of 2 parts Disc containing spiral arms Large amounts of gas & dust Filled with young stars Galactic Bulge Very little gas & dust Comprised of older stars

Spiral Galaxy sub-categories Divided into 3 sub groups: Sa, Sb, & Sc Differ in the tightness of the spiral arms & range of the bulge across the galaxy Sa Galaxies: Spiral arms tightly wound around bulge Bulge dominates the galaxy Sb Galaxies: Spiral arms less tightly wound around Bulge Bulge extends less from galaxy core Sc Galaxies: Spiral arms loosely wrapped around bulge Bulge is located around core of galaxy

Spiral Galaxies

Barred-spiral Galaxies Same features as spiral galaxies but with a bar or band extending outward from nucleus of galaxy Barred-spiral Galaxies SBa SBb SBc

Elliptical Galaxies Elliptical Galaxies Spherical or elliptical in shape Featureless No spiral arms-only made of galactic bulge Almost no gas or dust between stars Very little new stars being formed Almost completely made of old stars

Elliptical Galaxies sub categories Elliptical galaxies are categorized based off of how round or elliptical they appear E0 E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7

Irregular Galaxies Characteristics Doesn’t fit into other categories Disorganized appearance Large amounts of gas and dust Many young stars

Lenticular Galaxies Contain a large galactic bulge and a disc but no spiral arms No star forming regions Dominated by older stars Bridges the divide between Spiral and Elliptical Galaxies Designated as S0 on Hubble’s Classification Scheme