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Reform of Thinking TRANSCENDENTALISM *Among the transcendentalists' core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both people and nature. *Transcendentalists believed that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. *They had faith that people are at their best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed. *The major leaders in the movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, Margaret Fuller and Amos Bronson Alcott Civil Disobedience: refusing to obey laws a citizen believes are unjust. ( First introduced by Henry David Thoreau Amendment Number 1: freedom to assemble, petition, press, religion, and speech. (reinforce this association as a continuation of influence of our Constitution.

"Civil Disobedience" is an analysis of the individual’s relationship to the state that focuses on why men obey governmental law even when they believe it to be unjust. *Thoreau detested slavery and because tax revenues contributed to the support of it, Thoreau decided to become a tax rebel. *Thoreau declined to pay the tax and so, in July 1846, he was arrested and jailed. Without his knowledge or consent, however, relatives settled the “debt” and a disgruntled Thoreau was released after only one night. *The incarceration may have been brief but it has had enduring effects through "Civil Disobedience." People like Gandhi and Martin Luther King followed this form of thinking which allowed for Civil Disobedience.

Reform of Thinking Religion continues to play an important role in Western Expansion. In the early 1700’s: The First Great Awakening occurred bringing the idea that God loves everyone In the 1820’s-1830’s: The Second Great Awakening occurs, prompting the idea of social reform (ending slavery b/c it is anti-Christian) Have students explain why the First Great Awakening happened… when colonists began to forget about god, then this was a rebirth or renewed interest in relion. 2nd great Awakening: again…. Revival of religious feelings and belief and expanding to other religions, like Mormons, etc/.., and that everyone could be forgiven their sins.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker John J. Audubon drew birds, mammals, plants and other nature items while traveling throughout America. Ivory-billed Woodpecker by John J. Audubon Audubon’s story is one of triumph over adversity; He encapsulates the spirit of young America, when the wilderness was limitless and beguiling. Like his peers, he was an avid hunter, and he also had a deep appreciation and concern for conservation; in his later writings he sounded the alarm about destruction of birds and habitats which sets the foundation for Have students derive the meaning of AUDUBON = birds

The Hudson River School *The Hudson River School was a mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism