Latin American Politics and Development (Ninth Edition) Edited by Harvey F. Kline Christine J. Wade Howard J. Wiarda Property of Westview Press, an imprint of Hachette Book Group.

Tables

Table 1.1: Indices of Modernization in Latin America   Country Population in millions Population growth rate* GINI index 2013 GDP growth rate* Inflation (consumer prices)* Life expectancy Infant mortality**** Argentina 43.42 1 42.3 0.5 10.6 76 13 Bolivia 10.72 1.5 48.1 5.5 4.1 69 38 Brazil 207.8 0.9 52.9 0.1 9 75 14 Chile 17.94 1.1 50.5 1.9 4.3 82 8 Colombia 48.23 53.5 4.6 5.0 74 16 Costa Rica 4.80 49.2 3.5 0.8 80 10 Cuba 11.39 .. 2.7*** 6 Dominican Republic 10.52 1.2 47.1 7.3 31 Ecuador 16.14 47.3 3.7 4 22 El Salvador 6.12 0.3 43.5 2 -0.7 73 17 Guatemala 16.34 52.4** 4.2 2.4 72 29 Haiti 10.71 1.3 60.8** 2.7 9.0 63 Honduras 8.07 1.4 53.7 3.1 3.2 20 Mexico 127.01 48.1** 2.2 77 Nicaragua 6.08 40.5 4.7 Panama 3.92 1.6 51.7 6.2 78 Paraguay 6.63 48.3 21 Peru 31.37 44.7 3.6 Uruguay 3.43 41.9 8.7 Venezuela 31.10 39** -4 121.7 15 Source: World Bank. World Development Report 2014. *Annual percentage. ** 2011-2012 data. *** 2013 data. **** Mortality rate, under five, per one thousand live births.

Table 4.1: Contrasting Foundations of Latin American and North American Society Institutions Latin America, 1492-1570 United States, Seventeenth Century Political Authoritarian, absolutist, centralized, corporatist More liberal, early steps towards representative and democratic rule Religious Catholic orthodoxy and absolutism Protestant and religious pluralism Economic Feudal, mercantilistic, patrimonial Emerging capitalist, entrepreneurial Social Hierarchical, two-class, ridig More mobile, multi-class Education and Intellectual Scholastic, deductive reasoning Empirical

Table 4.2 Presidential Elections and Terms in Latin America Country   Election Years Reelection Argentina Second round if no candidate has more than 45 percent of vote 4 One successive term Bolivia Congress chooses the president from among the top three candidates if no candidate receives a majority 5 Brazil Majority; Second round Chile 6 Unlimited non-consecutive terms Colombia No reelection Costa Rica Second round if no candidate receives more than 40 percent Non-consecutive terms Cuba* Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Plurality Reelection; details pending Mexico Nicaragua Indefinite re-election Panama Two non-consecutive terms Paraguay Peru Uruguay One non-consecutive term Venezuela Sources: Inter-American Dialogue, “Overview of Latin American Electoral Systems,” http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Elecdata/systems.html; Daniel Zovatto, “Latin America: re-election and democracy,” Open Democracy, https://www.opendemocracy.net/daniel-zovatto/latin-america-re-election-and-democracy, March 2014.

Table 5.1: Export Commodity Concentration Ratios, circa 1913   Primary Product Percentage Secondary Product Total Percentage of Exports Argentina Maize 22.5 Wheat 20.7 43.2 Bolivia Tin 72.3 Silver 4.3 76.6 Brazil Coffee 62.3 Rubber 15.9 78.2 Chile Nitrates 71.3 Copper 7.0 78.3 Colombia 37.2 Gold 20.4 57.6 Costa Rica Bananas 50.9 35.2 86.1 Cuba Sugar 72.0 Tobacco 19.5 91.5 Dominican Republic Cacao 39.2 34.8 74.0 Ecuador 64.1 5.4 69.5 El Salvador 79.6 Precious metals 95.5 Guatemala 84.8 5.7 90.5 Haiti 64.0 6.8 70.8 Honduras 50.1 25.9 76.0 Mexico 30.3 10.3 40.6 Nicaragua 64.9 13.8 78.7 Panama 65.0 Coconut Paraguay Yerba mate 32.1 15.8 47.9 Peru 22.0 15.4 37.4 Uruguay Wool 42.0 Meat 24.0 66.0 Venezuela 52.0 21.4 73.4 Source: Adapted from Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence. (Cambridge University Press, 1994), 59.

Table 5.2: Export Commodity Concentration Ratios and Total Exports, circa 2014 Country Primary Export Percentage Secondary Export Primary and Secondary Total Total Exports (US$B) Argentina Soybean meal 17.2 Delivery trucks 5.6 22.8 69.0 Bolivia   Petroleum gas 44.8 Gold 10.0 54.8 13.4 Brazil Iron ore 11.8 Soy beans 10.3 22.1 228.0 Chile Refined copper 23.3 Copper ore 21.5 77.3 Colombia Crude petroleum 45.5 Coal 58.9 56.5 Costa Rica Integrated circuits 36.2 Office machine parts 14.6 50.8 21.3 Dominican Republic 15.7 Medical instruments 11.3 27.0 10.7 Ecuador 49.6 Bananas 61.4 27.4 El Salvador Knit t- shirts 18.1 Electrical capacitors 5.4 23.5 5.52 Country Primary Export Percentage Secondary Export Primary and Secondary Total Total Exports (US$B) Guatemala   Raw sugar 8.5 Bananas 7.6 16.1 11.7 Haiti Knit t-shirts 42.4 Knit sweaters 17.6 60.0 1.06 Honduras 11.5 Coffee 10.5 22.0 8.66 Mexico Crude petroleum 9.2 Cars 8.2 17.5 400.0 Nicaragua Insulated wire 13.4 8.1 21.5 5.41 Panama Passenger and cargo ships 12.1 Refined petroleum 12.0 24.1 4.62 Paraguay Soybeans 29.8 Soybean meal 15.0 43.8 7.71 Peru Copper ore 17.4 Gold 14.7 32.1 39.8 Uruguay Frozen bovine meat 11.3 9.8 21.1 Venezuela 76.0 17.3 93.4 63.0 Source: AJG Simoes, CA Hidalgo. “The Economic Complexity Observatory: An Analytical Tool for Understanding the Dynamics of Economic Development.” Workshops at the Twenty-Fifth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. (2011) http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/

Table 7.1 Freedom House Scores for Latin American Countries Country First year of competitive regime Average FH Score, 1978-2010 Costa Rica 1949 11.7 Uruguay 1985 11.2 Chile 1990 10.8 Panama 9.9 Argentina 1983 9.6 Dominican Republic 1978 9.4 Ecuador 1979 8.9 Brazil Venezuela 1959 8.5 Bolivia 8.4 El Salvador 1984 8.3 Honduras 1982 8.2 Mexico 1988 7.9 Peru 1980 7.7 Colombia 1958 7.6 Paraguay 7.5 Nicaragua 6.6 Guatemala 1986 Haiti 1991 3.0 Source: Rescaled Freedom House scores, Aníbal Pérez-Liñán and Scott Mainwaring, “Regime Legacies and Levels of Democracy: Evidence from Latin America,” Comparative Politics, Vol. 45, No. 4, July 2013, 379-397.

Table 11.1 Parties Elected to Colombian Congress in 2014 Election Party Percentage Chamber Seats Chamber Percentage Senate Seats Senate Social Party of National Unity 16.05 39 15.58 21 Liberal Party 14.13 37 12.22 17 Conservative Party 13.17 27 13.58 18 Radical Change 7.74 16 6.96 9 Democratic Center 9.47 12 14.29 20 Green Party 3.35 6 3.94 5 Civic Option 3.26 3.68 Alternative Democratic Pole 2.89 3 3.78 Independent Movement of Absolute Renovation 2.87 2.28 For a Better Huila 0.51 1 n/a Source: Colombian parliamentary election, 2014. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_parliamentary_election,_2014

Table 11.2: The Changes of Status of Women in Colombia, 1910-2010   1910 2010 Percentage working outside of household ND 33.4% Right to own property no yes Right to vote Number with higher education none 56% of entering students are women Average pay for work Salary went to husbands Make 25% less than men doing same job Percentage of public positions held by women 14% Percentage of women who are heads of household 56.8% Number of children per woman 7.3 2.4 Source: Semana, no. 1505, March 7-14, 2011, p. 80.