Respiratory System Unit 10

Respiratory System A. Collection of hollow organs responsible for the vital exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide B. Closely associated with the cardiovascular system **Interesting Fact: The Pulmonary Arteries follow the branches of the trachea and bronchioles!

Nose/ Nasal Cartilage Called external nares Entry point of the respiratory system Acts as a filter for foreign substances by using cilia (tiny hairs) that trap foreign substances and flood with mucus

Pharynx Pronounced “fare-inks” Divided into three regions (naso-, oro-, and laryngo-) Located in the back of the throat Leads to trachea

Larynx Pronounced “lar-inks” Commonly known as the voice box Below epiglottis Made of thyroid cartilage Prominent in males (Adam’s Apple) WHY???

-Vocal Cords in Action

Trachea Wind-Pipe Made of cartilage in the shape of the letter “C” Always open Lined with cilia and secretes mucus to trap and expel foreign substances Causes you to cough!

Lungs Consists of 2 lungs Right has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes Lined with surfactant: fluid for gas exchange similar to water Lined with cilia as well Primary Bronchi: first branch of trachea Secondary Bronchi: smaller branches off the primary Bronchioles: small tubes that lead to alveoli

Cilia lining the Bronchial Cells

The Bronchial Tree **This image shows only bronchial tissue (cartilage) and NO cardiovascular component

Alveoli Air sacs in the lungs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with capillaries from the CV system Very fragile Made of a thin layer of cells Look like grapes Emphysema (COPD) is a disease of the alveoli Functional unit of the lungs

Healthy Alveoli

Lung Cancer Cell

Capillaries Alveolar Space Alveoli

Trachea Cartilage/ Adam’s Apple C-Rings Trachea Primary Bronchus Secondary Bronchi Bronchioles

Act of Breathing Inhalation (breathing in) occurs when the volume of the chest cavity expands, pressure inside chest drops. Air pressure is higher and air rushes in. Caused by the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm

Diaphragm The diaphragm is the dome-shaped sheet of muscle and tendon that serves as the main muscle of respiration Plays a vital role in the breathing process. Serves as an important anatomical landmark that separates the thorax, or chest, from the abdomen. 

Act of Breathing Exhalation (breathing out) occurs when the muscles relax, decreasing chest volume, increasing pressure and thus squeezing out air

Air Volumes and Capacities Spirometry – measures volumes of air moving in and out of the lungs. 4 distinct respiratory volumes 1. Tidal volume – amount of air that enters the lungs during one cycle (normal breathing in and out) 2. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)-The amount of air which can be taken into the lungs, beyond one's tidal volume, using a forced inspiration 3. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) –the maximal volume of air (about 1000 mL) that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal expiration. 4. Residual Volume – air remaining in the lungs even after forceful exhalation 5. IRV+ ERV+ Tidal Volume = Vital Capacity (maximum amount of air a person can exhale)

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY Vital Capacity + Residual Volume = Total Lung Capacity (varies by sex, age, body size)

What is asthma?

Why do we yawn?

Smoking and the Lungs Can you guess which person smoked? What is “third hand smoke”?

COPD

Anti Smoking Ads How do you feel if a kid smokes? Terrie’s Story Do ads like these really make a difference for kids? Do you think less kids are smoking? Smoking vs. Vaping

What's in a Cigarette? Acetone – found in nail polish remover Acetic Acid –  an ingredient in hair dye Ammonia – a common household cleaner Arsenic – used in rat poison Benzene – found in rubber cement Butane – used in lighter fluid Cadmium – active component in battery acid Carbon Monoxide – released in car exhaust fumes Formaldehyde – embalming fluid Hexamine – found in barbecue lighter fluid Lead – used in batteries Naphthalene – an ingredient in moth balls Methanol – a main component in rocket fuel Nicotine – used as insecticide Tar – material for paving roads Toluene - used to manufacture paint