Options for controlling PM emissions

Methodology Typical categories of measures used Emission control efficiencies are specific for size classes (fine/coarse/PM>10m) Base year controls included (crucial for PM) Limited applicability of measures considered (because of fugitive emissions, vintage limitations, other)

Control options Stationary combustion sources

Control options Mobile sources (I)

Control options Mobile sources (II)

Control options Various sources - not enough data The model structure allows for options but not enough data to implement them for: Material handling Resuspension Agriculture Shipping Two-stroke gasoline engines

Synergistic effects with other emission control measures Flue gas desulphurization -----> NO EURO I-IV packages -------------> YES Biofiltration (animal houses) --> YES

Data sources Reduction efficiencies Stationary combustion and industrial processes UBA (1989, 1999), US EPA (1995), VDI (1994), Luetzke (1982), Karvosenoja (2000), Rentz et al. (1996) Mobile sources AUTO OIL, Kleeman and Cass (2000), CONCAWE, Mayer (1998), APEG (1999)

Conclusions/ Summary The model includes most important PM measures Parameters of techniques verified with literature sources Emissions extremely sensitive to efficiency estimates ‘Real life’ efficiency even more uncertain for industrial processes and transport categories Country specific parameters very important More information needed on currently ‘uncontrolled’ sectors If other characteristic of PM emissions (e.g., number, chemical composition) to be considered, more work needed