The Scientific Revolution

What is a Revolution?

The Scientific Revolution Causes: Renaissance Exploration Questioning and Education

Before the Scientific Revolution… Ptolemy (87-140 A.D.) Ptolemy’s geocentric model of the solar system: Earth Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn Notice, the Earth is first, and not the sun, as it should be.

Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus’ model of the solar system: Sun Moon Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Notice, the sun is first, not the Earth, as Ptolemy believed.

The Copernican Heliocentric Model

Tycho Brahe Astronomer Proved Copernican Theory Astronomical Observatory

Johannes Kepler Tycho Brahe’s Assistant German Three Laws of Planetary Motion

Galileo Galilei Italian Astronomer First Telescope Laws of Motion Acceleration Experiment Laws of Inertia Recanted Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition

The Scientific Method State the problem Collect information Form a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Record & analyze data State a conclusion Repeat steps 1 – 6

Sir Isaac Newton Influential Scientist Existence of Gravity Laws of light and color Laws of Motion Calculus

According to a popular story, Newton saw an apple fall from a tree, and wondered if the force that pulled the apple to the Earth also controlled the movement of the planets. Newton argued that nature followed laws.

Francis Bacon Philosopher Inductive Method Modern Scientific Method

René Descartes French Deductive Reasoning “I think, therefore I am”

Robert Boyle Individual elements Chemical compounds Chemistry Individual elements Chemical compounds Boyle’s law reveals interaction of volume, temperature, and gas pressure.

Robert Boyle’s first air pump

William Harvey Andreas Vesalius Edward Jenner Medicine English Andreas Vesalius improves knowledge of anatomy Dissected human corpses William Harvey Medicine English Circulation of blood Andreas Vesalius Edward Jenner produces world’s first vaccination—for smallpox Edward Jenner

1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cow like appendages.

The Scientific Revolution Spreads Scientific Instruments Scientists develop microscope, barometer, and thermometer New instruments lead to better observations and new discoveries Jansen microscope Fahrenheit thermometer Torricelli simple mercury barometer