LAGUNA and beyond GDR Neutrino at Orsay-PNO October 11th, 2010 Luigi MOSCA CEA-Saclay and LSM-Fréjus L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 Plan of the Talk - The LAGUNA European Network (2008 - 2011) - The main results of the studies - The different neutrino beams strategies - How to go beyond : LAGUNA-NEXT ? - World competition / cooperation - Conclusions and outlook L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

The Physics case The European Cooperation Project LAGUNA (28 Institutions in 10 countries // 1.7 M€ from Europe) The Physics case Grand Unification Proton Decay up to ≈ 1035 years lifetime mainly to study Supernovae (burst + “relics”) the Sun (solar ’s ) Neutrinos from Cosmic rays (atmospheric ’s) the Earth (geo ’s ) Neutrino properties accelerators (super-beam and beta-beam) and Astrophysics L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

In the LAGUNA Cooperation the main Physics goals are common, while 3 different detection techniques are proposed 3 detector types : GLACIER (Liquid Argon), LENA (liquid scintillator), and MEMPHYS (Water Cherenkov), and 7 candidate sites : Boulby (UK), Fréjus (France/Italy), Umbria (Italy), LSC (Spain), Pyhäsalmi (Finland), Sunlab (Poland), Slanic (Romenia) There is a strong complementarity among the 3 detector approaches L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

LENA: Liquid Scintillator Large detectors considered in LAGUNA LENA: Liquid Scintillator MEMPHYS:Water Ċerenkov GLACIER: Liquid Argon L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

An example of complementarity : L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 = CERN Pyhäsalmi 2300 Km Bulby mine: 1050 Km SUNLAB 950 Km 130 Km Unirea Salt Mine 630 Km L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 CASO 659 Km

LAGUNA as an FP7 Design Study Network Four Working Packages : WP1 : Management and coordination WP2 : Underground Infrastructures and engineering (including tanks and liquids handling) WP3 : Safety and environmental and socio-economic issues WP4 : Science Impact and Outreach Main deliverable : a “conceptual design report” on the feasibility of a megaton-scale underground infrastructure to allow policy makers to define the European strategy in this field of research L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

Main topics addressed in the WP2 Design Study : 1) determination of the best shape for very large cavities and of their possible dimensions (using simulations constrained by the knowledge of the type, structure and stress of the rock) 2) optimisation of the access to these cavities (tunnels, shafts, local bypasses, …) 3) study of the basic equipment and facilities : ventilation and air-filtering and conditioning, liquid production (if any) and transportation and continuous purification “factories” (in connection with WP3), electrical power supply, clean rooms, computing facilities, etc. 4) incorporation of the relevant safety conditions and equipments (for long term stability of the cavities, for fire, liquid leaks and evaporation risks, etc), in connection with WP3. 5) evaluation of the cost and time of realisation of the different parts of the site’s infrastructure (and also maintenance cost) L. Mosca L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 9

The main results of the LAGUNA studies L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 The WP2 Design study All reports (for the 7 sites) are now finalized (≈ 1200 pages) : a very impressive work! Starting from : (7 sites) x (3 detectors) = 21 configurations, it comes out that in all sites at least one type of detector can be safely hosted (detector size, tank installation, liquid introduction, etc) at least at the minimal required depth A cost estimate of the laboratory (excavation and basic infrastructure) has been done for each feasible configuration : also if non negligible it is not the driving cost (compared to tank, detector, liquid, and … beams) L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

Laboratory feasibility in the different sites for each detector L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 At this stage, several configurations (site+detector) remain as possible choices To finalize the choice of one or two configurations it is necessary to take into account ALL the relevant parameters : - the feasibility of the excavation for a given detector - the depth - the access type and quality - the physics goals considerations - the possible neutrino beam(s) - the competition/synergy with non-European projects (USA, Japan, …) - the total cost of the project : laboratory excavation, tank, full detector instrumentation, liquid procurement, filling and purification, neutrino beam, … - the running cost of the experiment - the socio-economic impact of the experiment - and, last not least, the safety conditions of the installation (WP3) L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

The different neutrino beams strategies L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

Concerning the distance of a given site from CERN two different strategies can be considered : a) “short” long-baseline (with “low” n energy) : - low background (absence of inelastic events) - negligible matter effect (good for a clean CP-V measurement) - “mass hierarchy” determined by atmospheric n events - feasible with the present CERN accelerators (PS and SPS) b) “long” long-baseline (with “high” n energy) : - higher background due to inelastic events - “mass hierarchy” determination possible without atmospheric n, but need to disentangle it from CP-Violation effects - need more important upgrade of the CERN accelerators L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

a) “short” long-baseline (with “low” n energy) : The considered neutrino beams : Super-beam : CERN to Fréjus (≈ 130 Km) (En ≈ 260 MeV) Beta-beam(s) : CERN to Fréjus (≈ 130 Km) (g ≈100) (En ≈ 350 MeV) ( DESY to Fréjus (?) (≈ 960 Km) (g ≈ 500) (En ≈ 1.8 GeV) (Achim Stahl)) --> Both CERN to Fréjus Super-beam and Beta-beam have been (are) extensively studied by the CARE/BENE and then by the EURONU European networks L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

130 Km L. Mosca L. Mosca L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 17 17 17

b) “long” long-baselines (with “high” n energy) L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

CERN proton sources : bottleneck ? L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 20 L. Mosca L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 20

How to go beyond LAGUNA : LAGUNA-NEXT ? (Dead-line : November 25th for the FP7 Design Study call) At the last LAGUNA meeting (at Fréjus/Aussois) a tentative programme has been outlined : WP1 : Management and International relations WP2 : Detector R&D, Design and safety for the 3 technologies and cost estimate (+ large volume magnetisation) WP3 : Definition of detectors operation and safety, including liquid processes, and cost estimate. WP4 : Study of Neutrino Super-beams from CERN to the LAGUNA sites. This of course requires a specific and sufficient CERN experts implication (for the CERN to Fréjus baseline this is already largely in progress (together with the Beta-Beam option) in the EURO-Nu Network) WP5 : LAGUNA project’s Physics potential, Underground science and Outreach L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

World competition / cooperation At USA : the LBNE project considers both Water Cherenkov and Liquid-Ar options, with a Neutrino long-baseline of 1300 Km from Fermi-Lab to the Homestake site At Japan : The existing J-PARC Neutrino beam has an upgrade Plan to 1.66 MW after 2014, and 2 fixed possibilities for the baseline (Kamioka at 300 km and Okinoscima at 658 km) In Europe : the situation is more flexible especially concerning the baseline We tentatively focus on 3 options : CERN to Fréjus : 130 Km (the shortest “long base-line”) CERN to Umbria : existing CNGS (or LNGS’) : 650 Km (or 732 Km) CERN to Pyhäsalmi : 2300 Km (the longest “long base-line”) L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 23 L. Mosca L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 23

Conclusions and outlook - The main physics goals are common inside the LAGUNA Cooperation - The LAGUNA programme aims at otherwise inaccessible fundamental phenomena - The 3 detector approaches are complementary - Emerging scenarios in Europe : - MEMPHYS (Water Cherenkov, a well proved technology) at Fréjus, with Super-beam and/or Beta-beam from CERN (well advanced study) - LENA (Liquid Scintillator, a well proved technology) at Pyhäsalmi or Fréjus (alternatively a combination of “renormalized” MEMPHYS + LENA at Fréjus) - GLACIER (much more ambitious technology) at Pyhäsalmi or Umbria or … still needs a large R&D effort and a 1 Kton prototype, with a “long” long-baseline Super-beam : needs a major realisation (HP-PS/2MW or RCS/4MW) in the CERN sector to be competitive (CNGS type SPS beam is not sufficient) L. Mosca L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 24

GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 - Anyway it is necessary to go beyond the present LAGUNA network : LAGUNA-NEXT (or something equivalent ? via ESFRI) mainly : - to complete the study of each detector type, and - to study the “long” long-baseline beam scenario (the “short” long-baseline scenario is already included in EURO-Nu) - Synergy with non-European projects : a good cooperation with the USA and Japan projects is highly desirable and is already partially existing  For the Neutrino Factory possible scenarios see the Alain Blondel talk  For a comparison of the sensitivity of the different projects over the world see e.g. the talk of Mauro Mezzetto at the last LAGUNA general meeting at Aussois (7-9 September 2010) ____________________ L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 Thank You ! L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010 Back-up L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010

Top-view of the “MLF” MEMPHYS-LENA Fusion project near the existing Laboratory (LSM) FRANCE MEMPHYS LSM (1982) Safety tunnel (2009 – under construction) LENA ITALY MEMPHYS Road tunnel (1974 – 1978) L. Mosca GDR Neutrino October 11th, 2010