Today’s Goal and HW Goal: To understand symptoms, causes, and treatments of mood disorders. HW: 1. Read pages 621-628 of text. Take notes on material. 2. Complete schizophrenia portion of psychological disorders chart (my website). 3. Review for AP exam.

Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder A mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness and hopelessness Prolonged, very severe symptoms Passes without remission for at least 2 weeks Global negativity and pessimism Very low self-esteem Depression - Discovery Health, The Body Invaders: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy57Ze2vl9o

Dysthymic Disorder Chronic depression with regularly low moods but not severe enough to be major depression May develop in response to trauma, but does not decrease with time

Seasonal Affective Disorder Episodes of depression that occur at a certain time of the year, usually during winter Symptoms usually build up slowly in the late autumn and winter months. Symptoms are usually the same as with depression:

Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Overview http://www. youtube. com/watch

Cyclothymic Disorder Moderate but frequent mood swings (hypomania and mild depression) that are not severe enough to qualify as bipolar disorder Lasting at least 2 years (1 in kids) Persistent symptoms; no more than 2 symptom-free months in a row

Causes of Mood Disorders

Cognitive Factors Depressed individuals attribute events using the following characteristics: Stable: the bad situation will last for a long time Internal: they are at fault Global: effects/will effect every aspect of life/all of life is bad Learned helplessness Bio connection: may decrease noradrenaline levels

Attributions

Attributions

Attributions

Attributions

Biological Factors Heredity? The brain? 20-25% had a close relative affected with the disorder. The brain? Neurotransmitters Depression: Levels of serotonin and/or noradrenaline too low (Antidepressants, such as SSRIs adjust these) Bipolar: Glutamate levels (Lithium regulates this) PET scans indicate less activity during periods of depression/changes in levels of activity in bipolar patients.

Ups & Downs of Bipolar Disorder PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with the patient's emotional switches. Red areas are where the brain rapidly consumes glucose. Blue areas are low areas of activity.

Treatments: Depression “Am I Blue?” activity Another alternative: ECT and depression http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgWVyIzGyf0&feature=fvwp&NR=1 (Electro Shock Therapy 1 of 2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=iv&v=LdWTCmhc1Fw&annotation_id=annotation_112263&src_vid=jgWVyIzGyf0 (Electro Shock Therapy 2 of 2) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ma7RQtfqK0c (trailer – Kitty Dukakis) http://video.foxnews.com/v/4027245/from-depression-to-hope

Major Depressive Disorder A mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness and hopelessness Prolonged, very severe symptoms Passes without remission for at least 2 weeks Global negativity and pessimism Very low self-esteem Depression - Discovery Health, The Body Invaders: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy57Ze2vl9o

Seasonal Affective Disorder Episodes of depression that occur at a certain time of the year, usually during winter Symptoms usually build up slowly in the late autumn and winter months. Symptoms are usually the same as with depression: Increased appetite with weight gain (weight loss is more common with other forms of depression) Increased sleep and daytime sleepiness (too little sleep is more common with other forms of depression) Less energy and ability to concentrate in the afternoon Loss of interest in work or other activities Slow, sluggish, lethargic movement Social withdrawal Unhappiness and irritability

Cognitive Bases for Depression Hopelessness theory depression results from a pattern of thinking person loses hope that life will get better negative experiences are due to stable, global reasons e.g., “I didn’t get the job because I’m stupid and inept” vs. “I didn’t get the job because the interview didn’t go well”

Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression) A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness of depression and the overexcited and unreasonably optimistic state of mania Used to be called manic-depressive disorder Many times will follow a cyclical pattern

Mania Period of abnormally high emotion and activity Supreme self-confidence - delusional Grandiose ideas and movements – too many goals in too little time Flight of ideas – rapid and loosely shifting thoughts that jump from topic to topic. Hallucinations – hearing or seeing things not there.

Depression Extended period of feeling sad, listless, and drained of energy

Prevalence and Course of Bipolar Disorder Onset usually in young adulthood (early twenties) Mood changes more abrupt than in major depression No sex differences in rate of bipolar disorder Affects about 2 million Americans annually. Commonly recurs every few years A small percentage of people with the disorder display rapid cycling, experiencing four or more manic or depressive episodes every year. Can often be controlled by medication (lithium)