Overthrow of Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911) 1911 Manchu Dynasty overthrown by Kuomintang (KMT)--nationalists Sun Yat-sen becomes president of China with hopes of establishing a modern government based of the three principles of the people.. 1. Nationalism 2. Democracy 3. People’s Livelihood Holds power for six weeks. Problem: lacked authority and military support Result: the revolution provided no basis for further progress— deep divisions exist among various political groups. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)

Era of the Warlords (1916-1926) Local concentrations of power emerge in the provinces Powerful military leaders & local gentry assert their power & take control of their provinces. Warlord armies terrorize the countryside. Millions of peasants suffer & die of famine & disease. Peasants’ long desire for land went unresolved; landless grew

World War I--Asia Japan: Seeking a foothold in China Wanted to establish China as a protectorate Internal problems prevent China from acting 1917-China goes to war with Germany in hopes of an allied victory. U.S. recognizes Japan’s interest in China. 1919 Treaty of Versailles: Japan is given territory & privileges previously belonging to Germany in China. Result: May Fourth Movement

May Fourth Movement: May 4, 1919 3,000 plus students gather in center of Peking. Protest under slogan: ‘Down with the Imperialists’ Explodes into a nationalist movement: 1. Spreads to other cities, workers, manufacturers, shopkeepers, & professionals join the cause. 2. Nationalism & anti-imperialist sentiment grew. Outcome of Movement: Creation of the first broadly based Chinese revolutionary coalition. Forced the release of imprisoned students & the dismissal of Japanese officials from government. Majority of reformers turn against Sun Yat-sen’s belief in western democracy.

Rise of Marxism & Formation of the CCP 1918-20—young intellectuals form a Marxist study society. Student magazines become an outlet for disseminating Marxist-Leninist principles & organizing strikes. Seen as a method to vitalize Chinese peasantry. Gains acceptance in wake of Chinese industrialization. Capitalism seen as cause of foreign exploitation & aggression. 1921—Chinese Communist Party (CCP) formed Sun Yat-sen himself becomes disillusioned with the west. Mao Tse-tung

KMT and CCP Alliance Sun Yat-sen organizes the KMT along Bolsheviks lines Works towards uniting all revolutionary groups for common action. 1923—Lenin sends military advisors & equipment in return for allowing the CCP to join forces with the KMT.

Break-up of KMT and CCP Chiang Kai-shek 1925—Sun Yat-sen dies Chiang Kai-shek emerges as leader of KMT. KMT & CCP forces successfully defeat the Warlords. 1927—Chiang fears CCP and its leaders. KMT troops overrun Shanghai Execute CCP leaders & union members. Purges spread to other cities. Surviving CCP leaders go into hiding. Chiang Kai-shek

Nationalist Republic of China (1928-37) Chiang Kai-shek becomes President. U.S. & Britain formally recognize KMT government, the USSR does not. He promises democracy and political rights for all people. Government becomes dictatorial and corrupt. Focuses on modernizing & developing cities. Ignores the peasants—life does not improve

Mao Tse-tung and the Peasants Recognizes their revolutionary potential. Begins to organize soviets to train peasants as professional revolutionaries Divides CCP controlled land amongst peasants Wins loyalty by improving food production and educating them.

Civil War--1930 Mao recruits thousands of peasants into his Red Army. Well trained in guerilla warfare. 1933—700,000 KMT soldiers surround the CCP’s mountain stronghold. CCP is outnumbered 6 to 1. 1934--CCP forces flee for their lives.

The Long March 1934-35 Begin a one year 6,000 mile journey to escape the wrath of KMT army. Forced to cross rivers & mountains while fending off KMT attacks. Only 20,000 of the 90,000 that began the journey survived

WW II begins in ASIA Japan invades Manchuria & in 1937 launch An all out invasion of China. Japanese threat force a KMT & CCP truce. CCP under Mao mobilize peasants for Guerilla war against Japan

Chiang Kai-shek with FDR & Winston Churchill 1942-45 Chiang Kai-shek gathers 2.5 million soldiers Received 1.5 billion in U.S. money & equipment to fight Japan. Japan defeated in 1945. 1945—CCP controls Northern China & KMT Controls Southern China.

Civil War 1946-49 KMT outnumbers CCP Chiang receives 2.5 billion more in U.S. aid KMT can’t muster popular support China’s economy collapses Thousands of KMT soldiers desert

Mao Zedong Proclaiming the 1949 Mao’s Red Army takes over China’s Major Cities. Mao gains control of the country Chiang Kai-shek & KMT leaders flee to Taiwan People’s Republic of China

Credits Beck, Roger B. et al. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Boston: McDougal Littell. 1999. Craig, Albert M. et al. The Heritage of Western Civilizations New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 2000. No Author Given. Chinese Photo Gallery. http://www.chinese-gifts.com.hk/index.htm No Author Given. China. Compton’s Encyclopedia Online http://www.comptons.com/encyclopedia/ARTICLES/0025/00397568_A.html