10.1 Jeffersonian Democracy

Jeffersonian Democracy Before we learned: Now we will learn: The Federalists dominated politics under the presidency of John Adams. After a tied election, Jefferson became president and the Democratic-Republicans reduced the power of the federal government.

Vocabulary Thomas Jefferson — third president of the United States, elected in 1801 Judiciary Act of 1801 — law that let President John Adams fill federal judgeships with Federalists John Marshall — chief justice of the Supreme Court appointed by President John Adams judicial review — principle that states that the Supreme Court has the final say in interpreting the Constitution radical – person who takes extreme political positions Federalist - political party of Hamilton and Adams; supported a strong central government Democratic-Republican - Jefferson’s political party; feared a strong central government

Democratic-Republicans: A New Party Comes to Power Election of 1800 This election was a contest between two parties with different ideas about the role of government. This chart is a review of what we learned in the last chapter: Federalists: Democratic-Republicans: Leaders: Hamilton, Adams Supporters: lawyers, merchants, manufacturers, clergy Believed in strong national government. Believed in loose construction of the Constitution. Favored a national bank. Favored an economy based on trade. Wore powdered hair or a wig, bow tie, broad coattails, breeches and stockings, and buckles on their shoes. Leaders: Jefferson, Madison Supporters: farmers, urban workers Believed in limited national government. Believed in the strict construction of the Constitution. Opposed a national bank. Favored an agricultural economy. Wore loose hair, a neckerchief, narrow coattails, trousers, and laces in their shoes.

A New Party Comes to Power Federalists Democratic- Republicans Led by President John Adams Thought the nation was going to be ruined by radicals, people who take extreme political positions Led by Thomas Jefferson Thought they were saving the nation from monarchy and oppression Argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the Bill of Rights

Democratic- Republicans The Democratic-Republicans won the presidency. Jefferson received 73 votes in the electoral college and Adams won 65 votes. Jefferson was not the only candidate to receive 73 votes- so did Aaron Burr. A tie in the same party had to be broken. The Constitution says the House of Representatives will break a tie. The House of Representatives was filled with Federalists (the newly elected Democratic- Republicans who were recently elected did not start yet). The Federalists were torn on which Democratic-Republican to pick: Jefferson or Burr. Alexander Hamilton did not like Jefferson, but he did not like Burr even more! For 7 days the House voted 35 times without a winner! Finally, Hamilton’s friend James A. Bayard persuaded several Federalists not to vote for Burr. On the 36th ballot Jefferson received more votes and was elected President. Burr became his Vice President.

A New Party Comes to Power Vice President Burr & President Jefferson

A New Party Comes to Power- Review Key Question: How was the presidential election of resolved? THINK ABOUT Federalists’ fear of radicals in government. What is a radical? Jefferson and Burr received 73 votes; Adams received 65 Hamilton convinced Federalists in House to vote for Jefferson

Jefferson and Democracy Key Question: How did Jefferson’s policies differ from those of the Federalists? Jefferson Urged political enemies to unite as Americans Wanted the U.S. to remain a nation of small independent farmers. Wanted to avoid having too much government. Reduced the number of federal employees and size of the military, as well as sought to end Federalist programs. Congress, controlled by the Democratic-Republicans let the Alien and Sedition Acts end. Jefferson released prisoners convicted under these acts. Congress ended the unpopular whiskey tax. Used money from tariffs and land sales to reduce the amount of money owed by the government.

Jefferson and Democracy Conflicts with the Courts -Adams appointed as many Federalist judges as possible between the election of 1800 and Jefferson’s inauguration, made possible through the Judiciary Act of 1801 (also known as the Midnight Judges Act.) - Supreme Court judges are appointed for life and Federalist controlled the courts. -Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court upheld federal authority and strengthened federal courts. In 1803, in Marbury v. Madison, Marshall affirmed the principle of judicial review. -Judicial review- the final authority of the Supreme Court on the meaning of the Constitution.