AP Literature Final Review

POetry Lyrical ballad, free verse, mock heroic, iambic pentameter, ballad, apostrophe, elegy, lyric, sonnet, blank verse, free verse, determining stanzas

TPCASTT When analyzing poems, do not forget about TPCASTT – Title, paraphrase, connotation, attitude, shift, title, theme This analysis leads you towards an essay that builds – vs. stand alone paragraphs

Ballad: narrative poem meant to be sung- includes repetition and refrain Blank verse: verse form resembling common speech, unrhymed iambic pentameter Elegy: a poem lamenting the death of a person, ending in consolation Epic: a poem that celebrates, in a continuous narrative, the achievements of heroes or heroines – high style, elevated language Free verse: poems with varying line length and lack of meter and rhyme pattern Occasional poem: written about or for a specific occasion, public or private. Ode: lyric poem, serious, elevated style, stanzas can be structured in sets of three

Petrarchan sonnet: Italian sonnet – divided into an octave and sestet – abba abba cde cde (often) Shakespearean sonnet – English sonnet: three units of four lines plus a couplet – abab cdcd efef gg Scansion: the analysis of verse to show its meter Shaped verse – concrete poetry – poem shaped to look like an object

Stanza Couplet – two lines Tercet – three lines Quatrain – four lines Cinquan – five lines Sestet – six lines Heptatich – seven lines Octave – eight lines Refrain – repeated line or stanza in a poem or song

Terza rima: a verse form consisting of three-line stanzas in which the second line of each rhymes with the first and third of the next. Iambic: metrical foot in poetry that consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Often in sets of five – called iambic pentameter Trochaic: a metrical foot that is opposite of iambic – stressed followed by unstressed. Villanelle: a verse form of 19 lines divided into sex stanzas – five tercets and one quatrain. The first and third line of the first tercet rhyme, and this thyme is repeated through the remaining stanzas.

Vocabulary

Vocabulary from the last practice test Verisimilitude is the extent to which the literary text is believable, or the extent to which it imitates life. Even when stories are far- fetched, such as with science fiction, readers must be willing to "suspend disbelief" and think that the story could actually occur.

Enjambment: a thought or sense, phrase or clause in a line of poetry that does not come to an end at the line break but moves over to the next line. In simple words, it is the running on of an idea from one couplet or line to the next without a major pause or syntactical break.

“A” Words Alliteration: repetition of similar sounds to start words in close proximity Anaphora: repetition to start phrases or sentences Apposition: renaming a noun or pronoun – (not repetition) Apostrophe: addressing an inanimate object Assonance: repeated vowel sounds in a sequence of words with different endings Asyndenton: omitting conjunctions Antithesis: the juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, etc.

Bombastic narration: important sounding but basically meaningless – affected narrative Restrained: refers to being in control – holding back – not overdone Unrestrained: somewhat out of control – overdone Aural – sound Periodic sentence: The main clause or predicate is at the end. This is used for emphasis and can be persuasive by putting reasons for something at the beginning before the final point is made. It can also create suspense or interest for the reader.

Pragmatic: dealing with something in a sensible or realistic way Idiomatic expression: particular phrase or word combination that is peculiar to a certain language or region - and that can’t be translated literally Synedoche: a part is used to signify the whole – “ all hands on deck” Metonymy: a feature of something that is recognizable is used to represent the whole – ”The White House said . . .” Conceit: a comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature – often an extended metaphor in a poem

Describing tone Choleric = irritable Cantankerous – hard to get along with ; fussy Didactic: teaching; preaching; desire to instruct