Friday 10/14/16 AIM: How are all living things built? DO NOW: In your own words, explain what you have in common with a rock Homework:text read pages 51-53. answer question 1-3 page 54

Chemistry The Study of Matter

Living vs nonliving things Living things display all characteristics of life whereas nonliving things display some but not all characteristics of life Both living and nonliving things are made up of atoms Atom: basic building block of all matter Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space: EX: the gases that make up the air, the desk, you , the cells that make you, water etc.

Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Ex: The human body, the air and atmosphere surrounding us, the Atlantic ocean Found on earth in 3 states Solid, liquid, gas The state or phase of matter is determined by the atomic arrangement

States of Matter Rap - YouTube

Properties of matter Directly related to arrangement of atoms

Three Classes of Matter 1. Elements the most basic types of matter 2. Compounds 2 or more elements bonded together in definite proportion 3. Mixtures two or more substances (elements and or compounds) physically combined, but not chemically bonded

Elements Substances that are made up of all of the same type of atom They cannot be broken down into anything else Periodic table of elements that lists all known elements with their symbols and properties Each element has its own unique properties EX: boiling point, freezing point, melting point, reactivity rate Once you change the structure of an atom, you change the element that it builds!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Elements basic types of matter that can not ordinarily be broken down into simpler substances How many are found in nature? 92 Which ones are normally present in humans ? 26

Important Elements In Organisms Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Calcium (Ca) Phosphorous (P) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) Iodine (I) Iron (Fe) 13 others = 0.1% 96% of your body mass is made up of : CHON O (65%) + C (18%) + H (10%) + N (3%)

Examples of Elements: Periodic Table

Living things are made up of elements CHNOPS: major elements that build living things All other elements are found in small amounts so they are called trace elements

All matter is built from atoms Atom is the basic unit of matter Subatomic particles Nucleus Protons Neutron Orbiltals Electrons

Atoms the smallest particles of an element contain protons, electrons and neutrons 1. Protons: charge = +1 location: in nucleus (center) of atom Give some of the atomic mass Identified by the atomic #

2. Electrons: charge = -1 location = orbiting outside the nucleus Insignificant mass React with electrons of other atoms to form bonds 3. Neutrons charge = 0 location = in nucleus (center) of atom Help to give atomic mass

The Structure of an Atom

How are subatomic particles arranged? CHE1.3-e-Animation table for the first 11 elements of the Periodic Table

Properties of Atoms 1. Electrically neutral total charge = 0, because: # electrons = # protons 2. Atomic Number refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom determines behavior & type of element 3. Atomic Mass Number # of protons + # of neutrons IF YOU CHANGE THE # of protons or neutrons, you change the element that the atom builds!!!!

How do we build bigger molecules and compounds from atoms? Through electron bonding Electrons may be gained, lost or shared between atoms to build larger molecules and compounds

What is the atomic # of carbon? What is the atomic mass number of oxygen? What would happen to the electrical charge of these atoms if an electron were removed? Gained?

Why is it important for an atom to be able to gain or lose electrons? ANSWER: Because loss or gain of electrons is one way we can build a bond!!!!

How is an atom effected if the atomic number changes?

What would happen to an atom if we added an electron? The atom becomes negatively charged.

Ion Charged atom That means electrons have been added OR Gives the atom (-) charge OR Electrons have been removed Gives the atom (+) charge

What happens if I change the number of electrons in an atom? Create an ion: charged atom

How is an atom affected if the number of neutrons is changed?

Atomic Mass would change Explain what would happen to an atom if the number of neutrons changed. Atomic Mass would change

Aim: Why is water important to living things? DO NOW: What is an ion? And how are ions formed? HW: Textbook read pages 44-48 answer questions 1-3 on page 48 WRITE OUT QUESTION AND ANSWER

Forces That Hold Atoms Together Electrical Force opposite charges attract electrons (-) orbit around nucleus because the nucleus is positive (+) Nuclear Force holds the protons and neutrons together within the nucleus

Using the periodic table of elements Each element has a specific number of protons, neutrons and electrons You can look up an element to get the number of protons, neutrons and electrons Atomic number- # protons in the nucleus Atomic mass- # protons + # neutrons in the nucleus

If an atom has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic mass of 12 How many electrons are found in its orbitals? What would happen to the charge of the atom if it gains an electron?

Carbon

Carbon (C) Atomic number 6 Atomic mass 12 # p=6 #n=6 #e-=6

Properties of Carbon Capable of sharing 4 electrons with 4 different atoms Forms 4 covalent bonds This gives carbon the ability to build all of the molecules and compounds that help to build you

Organic chemistry The branch of science dealing only with the study of molecules and compounds built from Carbon atoms

Importance of bonds Atomic forces and properties along with electron interactions help atoms to form bonds Bonds between atoms build molecules and compounds Molecules and compounds build cells CELLS BUILD YOU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Ionic and covalent bonding animation - YouTube

Chemical Bonds 1. Ionic Bonds bind atoms together involve sharing or transfer of electrons Two basic types of chemical bonds 1. Ionic Bonds electrons are transferred from one atom to another creates charged particles called ions when atoms lose electrons they become: positive ions negative ions are produced when atoms: gain electrons Opposite charges attract forming a bond

Ionic Bond (NaCl)

2. Covalent Bonds electrons are shared by two different atoms electrons will now orbit around both nuclei produce “molecules” a molecule is a distinct group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Covalent Bonding

Atomic bonding

Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds

Compounds Two or more elements joined together by chemical bonds The properties of a compound are very different from the properties of the individual elements it contains The smallest unit of a covalently bonded compound is a molecule

Water: a polar molecule electrons are shared unequally between H & O Oxygen tends to be an electron fiend and likes to steal electrons from other atoms shared electrons are more attracted to:_____ Answer: oxygen A water molecule is constantly losing and gaining hydrogen ions that is what give it unique properties

Example of Hydrogen Bonds

Properties of water Water is unique in that it is the only natural substance that is found in all three states -- liquid, solid (ice), and gas (steam) -- at the temperatures normally found on Earth. Water is called the "universal solvent" because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid. Water has a high solubility for many solutes

Making solutions basically two substances that are physically combined but not chemically bonded. One of them is called the solute. A solute is the substance to be dissolved (sugar). The other is a solvent. The solvent is the one doing the dissolving (water). Solubility: the ability of the solvent to dissolve the solute

Solutions Solute and solution will combine until all molecules are saturated At this point solute will sink to the bottom EX: when you put too much ice tea mix in water all the sugar falls to the bottom

Examples of Elements: Periodic Table

Acids, Bases and Neutral Solutions

Ionization of Water ionization means the release of ions (charged particles) from a compound H+ is a “hydrogen ion”, it was a hydrogen atom before it lost an electron OH- is a “hydroxide ion”, it gained an extra election when H+ was released from water Pure water is a neutral solution because the number of H+ is equal to the number of OH-

Acids Compounds that release hydrogen ions (H+) when they are added to water Examples: (don’t memorize) 1. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) HCl  H+ and Cl- 2. Carbonic acid: (H2CO3) H2CO3  H+ and HCO3- 3. Nitric acid: (HNO3) HNO3  H+ and NO3-

Bases (alkali) compounds that absorb hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions (OHֿ) Examples: (don’t memorize) 1. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH): NaOH  Na+ and OH- 2. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) KOH  K+ and OH-

Acidic, Basic & Neutral Solutions Acidic solution: H+ > OH- Basic solution: H+ < OH- Neutral solution: H+ = OH-

Acid Base Indicators 1. Red Litmus Paper indicates bases by turning blue 2. Blue Litmus Paper indicates acids by turning red 3. Bromothymol yellow in acids, green near neutral and blue in bases 4. pH paper turns various colors to indicate acids, neutral solutions and bases can also indicate the strength of an acid or base

Acid-Base Indicators

pH scale - based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution - used to indicate the strength of acids and bases - ranges from 0 to 14 - acids have pH’s < 7, bases have pH’s > 7 - neutral solutions have a pH of 7 - the farther from 7 the greater the strength of the acid or base based on powers of 10 - each decrease of 1 digit on the pH scale means 10 times as many hydrogen ions

Questions about pH How would you describe solutions with the following pH’s? 2? 8? 6? 13? 7? As pH increases, H+ concentration _____ As pH decreases, acidity ________ The H+ concentration in a pH of : 2 is _____________greater than a pH of 4 3 is _____________greater than a pH of 7 1 is _____________greater than a pH of 4

AIM: Why is carbon such a vital element to living things? DO NOW: Look through yesterdays notes and explain how water is built and why it has a partial charge. What does the word vital mean? Homework: Project # 2 due Friday

AIM: How do atoms combine to build large molecules and compounds? DO NOW: Explain the structure of an atom List the 6 elements found in the largest amount in a living thing HW: Text reread pages 51-53. Answer questions 2,3,4 pg 54