Fungi and plants

Fungi Cheese, bread, mushroom

Characteristics of fungi Eukaryote Heterotroph Cell wall is present Do not contain chlorophyll Different from other organisms and placed in a separate kingdom Fungi

Shapes and appearance

Obtaining food Heterotrophs Decomposers (organic matter) Some are parasites Some live in mutualistic relationship (mycorrhiza)

Structure Some fungi are unicellular, others are multicellular Multicellular fungi have threads / chains of cells called as hyphae Hyphae grow together to form a mass known as mycelium

Structure

Making more fungi Asexual Sexual Hyphae break and form new fungus Asexual spores Sexual Spores are formed from sex cells Spores are dispersed and generate new fungi

Kinds of fungi Classification based on shape and the mode of reproduction

Kinds of fungi Thread-like fungi Bread mold

Kinds of fungi Sac fungi Yeast, mildew, morels

Kinds of fungi Sac fungi

Kinds of fungi Club fungi Mushrooms

Kinds of fungi Club fungi

Kinds of fungi Non mushroom club fungi Bracket fungi, rust, smut

Kinds of fungi Imperfect fungi Do not fit in other categories Penicillium, athlete’s foot

Lichens Association of fungi with algae Unlike fungi, lichens are producers Found in variety of environments Soil fertility and colonization

Lichens

Lichens

Plants

Plants Eukaryotes Multicellular Autotrophic Cells are surrounded by a cell wall – cellulose Contain chlorophyll Producers in the ecosystem

Characteristics of plants Photosynthesis Plants make food (glucose) and oxygen by utilizing carbon dioxide and water. Energy for this process is obtained from sunlight

Characteristics of plants Cuticle Waxy layer that coats the surfaces Prevents loss of water Vary in thickness Depend on climate and environment

Characteristics of plants Cell wall Outermost layer of the cell Made up of cellulose Supports and protect the cell

Characteristics of plants Cell wall

Characteristics of plants Reproduction Sporophyte – produce spores Gametophyte – produce gametes

Characteristics of plants Transport of materials Xylem – a tissue that transports water Phloem – a tissue that transports food Collectively called as vascular tissues Some plants lack vascular tissue

Classification of plants Non-vascular plants Lack vascular tissue Small in size Movement through diffusion E.g. mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Classification of plants Vascular plants Contain vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) Relatively larger in size May be seedless plants or seed plants i) seedless plants – donot produce seeds e.g. ferns, horsetails ii) seed plants – produce seeds, divided into two groups Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) seeds not inside fruit e.g. pine Flowering plants (Angiosperms) seeds inside the fruits e.g. mango

Classification of plants

Seedless plants Non-vascular Moses, liverworts Small plants - Leafy stalks and rhizoids

Seedless plants Non-vascular Importance Colonization Decomposition and fertility Prevent erosion Sphagnum moss Increase water holding capacity of soil Prevent microbial growth (wound dressing, seed shipment) Dried (insulating material) Monitoring environment

Seedless plants Vascular plants Ferns

Seedless plants Vascular plants Importance Soil formation, prevent erosion Contribution to fossil fuels Fiddlehead fern

Seed Plants Characteristics Produce seeds Gametophytes are small Pollens and pollination

Seed Plants Seeds Young plant, seed coat, stored food

Seed Plants Seeds how animals help seeds grow?

Seed Plants Gymnosperms Don’t have flowers or fruits Conifers, ginkgoes etc. Used for wood Produce resin Drugs

Seed Plants Gymnosperms

Seed Plants Gymnosperms – life cycle

Seed Plants Angiosperms Produce flowers and fruits Monocots and dicots

Seed Plants Angiosperms Food, fruits, crops Wood Habitat Seeds and oils Ornamental Medicine and pharmaceutical products Rubber, cotton, fabric, industrial products

Compare life cycle of plants with those of bacteria, protists and fungi