Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation in rats imprints long-term reduction in hepatic lipid content selectively in the male offspring  Rani J. Qasem, Ganesh Cherala, Anil P. D'mello  Nutrition Research  Volume 30, Issue 6, Pages 410-417 (June 2010) DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.05.008 Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Body weights of the male and female control and low-protein offspring up to 180 days post-birth. A, Male offspring. B, Female offspring. The inset shows the body weight of both groups of offspring during the lactation period. Pregnant rats were administered either control (19% protein) or low-protein (8% protein) diets during pregnancy and lactation. Body weights of the male and female offspring were periodically measured until day 180 post-birth as explained in the Methods and Materials section. All data are presented as mean ± SEM with an n = 7 – 8. Body weights were measured for all pups within a litter and the litter mean computed. This procedure was repeated for all litters in the group. The mean of those values was reported as the group mean. At most ages, error bars are within the symbol. Data were analyzed using 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA with maternal diet and age as the main factors. Body weight differences between control and low-protein offspring are statistically significant (P < .05) throughout the study. Nutrition Research 2010 30, 410-417DOI: (10.1016/j.nutres.2010.05.008) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Liver triglyceride content in male and female control and low-protein offspring on days 65 and 150 post-birth. A, Male offspring. B, Female offspring. ⁎Statistically different from control group of the same age; P < .05. Pregnant rats were administered either control (19% protein) or low-protein (8% protein) diets during pregnancy and lactation. One male and one female offspring from each litter in the 2 groups were sacrificed on day 65 and day 150 and liver triglyceride measured as described in the Methods and Materials section. All data are presented as mean ± SEM with an n = 5-7, and included 1 male and 1 female offspring from each litter. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA with maternal diet and age as the main factors. Nutrition Research 2010 30, 410-417DOI: (10.1016/j.nutres.2010.05.008) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Liver cholesterol content in the male and female control and low-protein offspring on days 65 and 150 post-birth. A, Male offspring. B, Female offspring. ⁎Statistically different from control group of the same age; P < .05. #Statistically different from the same group on day 65; P < .05. Pregnant rats were administered either control (19% protein) or low-protein (8% protein) diets during pregnancy and lactation. One male and one female offspring from each litter in the 2 groups were sacrificed on day 65 and day 150 and liver cholesterol measured as described in the Methods and Materials section. All data are presented as mean ± SEM with an n = 5-7, and included 1 male and 1 female offspring from each litter. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA with maternal diet and age as the main factors. Nutrition Research 2010 30, 410-417DOI: (10.1016/j.nutres.2010.05.008) Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions