Chapter 23 INDUSTRIALIZATION & NATIONALISM Lesson 1… Industrialization Chapter 23 INDUSTRIALIZATION & NATIONALISM

Introductory ideas… Q1 – Nationalist uprisings in Spain after Napoleon’s invasion weakened Spain’s control over its colonies. Uprisings & revolts were led by LA born elite Spanish descendents (Simon Bolivar) who were educated and trained in Europe & vowed to bring freedom to Latin America. Q3 –Causes of 19th century Revolutions in Europe – Nationalism; repressive governments; famine; emergence of middle class discontent with leaders. Q3 Honors classes only – Read Shelley & Macaulay on page 442. Similarities? Differences?

Lesson 1: The Industrial Revolution Q4 – The Industrial Revolution (“IR”) began in Great Britain in the 1780’s. Q5 - Factors contributing to IR in Great Britain: Agricultural Revolution… increased food supply using mechanized labor (work that provides goods or services in an economy) ; Rapid population growth …forced many peasants to move to towns & ultimately cities – providing workers for growing factories; Capital ($ for investment in machines & factories, etc) & Entrepreneurship (finding new business opportunities & new ways to make profits); Plentiful natural resources… water & other raw materials that are used to make finished products; Markets for finished goods… GB’s colonial empire raised demand for finished products; Q6/7/8 – Cottage industries refers to products people could produce in their rural cottages using their individual skills; technological advancements in the late 18th century made these industries insufficient (mechanization; mass production, etc.) It became cheaper for manufacturers to bring people to the machines – this meant working in factories that operated with rural labor 24/7. These factories were extremely dangerous places for adult and child laborers. Q9 – The coal powered steam engine was crucial to GB’s industrialization because it powered the machines that produced massive amounts of goods from the factories – and the railroads that delivered them to consumers. Steam engine

The Industrial Revolution – characteristics & effects on people… Q10 – Railroad construction created new jobs and less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods – creating even larger markets & demand for the factories to meet. More sales meant more demand & the need for more machinery, factories & capital. Business owners reinvested their profits in their business ventures & this is how new industrial economies were born & grew. Everything had changed for the people of GB! Railroads

The Industrial Revolution – effects on GB and the world Q11 – By the mid 19th century GB was the world’s first industrialized nation producing half the world’s coal & manufactured goods. Their economy was booming. Q12 & 13 – industrialization came to the US during the first half of the 19th century leaving it more urbanized, & with better transportation systems on land and water. Demand for labor increased greatly leading to more females in the labor force. Industrialization in America

Social Impact of Industrialization 2 major societal changes that resulted from Industrialization are the growth of cities – called “urbanization” and the emergence of 2 new social classes – the industrial middle class and the industrial working class. Q1 - 2 factors that impacted global migration are famine & poverty - & global migration was a contributing factor to urbanization because most people who emigrated to GB settled in cities for factory work. (Ex – Irish potato famine; also as farm labor was not in great demand poor rural dwellers moved to cities looking for work).

Social impact of Industrialization Q2 – In 1800 London was GB’s only major city with a population of about 1 million. By 1850’s London’s population was up to 2.5 million & nine cities had populations > 100,000; 50% of population lived in towns & cities. Conditions in cities were terrible leading to the call for urban reform. IR Slums - 2 minutes Q3 – Industrial capitalism is an economic system based on industrial production. This was a change from the Middle Ages when GB’s economic system was Commercial – based on trade. Industrial capitalism produced 2 new social groups – the industrial middle class AND the industrial working class. Their lives were very different…

Social Impact of Industrialization Q4 INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS Consisted of people who built factories, bought machines & developed markets (owners of capital). These were the first entrepreneurs – many of whom became wealthy & powerful. INDUSTRIAL WORKING CLASS These were the people who provided the labor the new factories needed. They worked under horrible conditions (long days, dangerous machines; no minimum wage; no security of employment). Their lives were difficult – especially working women & children – who suffered the most abuse.

Socialism… Not everyone was on board with the idea of creating an economic system driven by wealth and profit that only some would benefit from. SOCIALISM is an economic system where the SOCIETY as a whole owns the means of production… not PEOPLE. Therefore, all people should benefit EQUALLY rather than some being better or worse off than others. Utopian socialist Robert Owen believed the natural goodness of people would emerge if they cooperated rather than competing. His ideas would not prevail in GB at this time. Utopian socialism