New World Beginnings 33,000 BCE- 1769 CE CHAPTER 1 New World Beginnings 33,000 BCE- 1769 CE

Quote “I have come to believe that this is a mighty continent which was hitherto unknown… Your Highnesses have an Other World here.” - Christopher Columbus, 1498 Undiscovered territory, claiming it for empire, no technology, not “civil”

A) Planetary Perspectives 6000 yrs. ago  recorded history 500 yrs. ago  Europeans discover N.America 1607- VA founded 1492- Columbus discovers America COLUMBUS

B. The Shaping of North America World = 225 mil. yrs. old Shifting & folded created mountains  350 mil. yrs. ago Appalachians formed 1st, Cascades- Washington, Coastal- West Coast and Rockies (Roof of America) formed later. 10 mil. yrs ago, North America has basic shape Great Ice Age- 2 mil. yrs ago  2 mile thick ice sheets over Europe, Asia and N.America ICE AGE MOVIE – MUST WATCH

6. Continental Divide- rivers drain separate ways 5.Melted/retreated 10,000 yrs ago. – left US like it is today  formed major rivers and lakes. 6. Continental Divide- rivers drain separate ways Continental Divide

C) The First Discoverers of America 35,000 yrs ago  lowered sea level allowed land bridges, caused by Ice Age Nomadic Asians followed game across N. America Ice Age ended  sea level rose, left people stranded on new continent When Europeans arrived in Americas in 1492- 72 mil. people pop. in 2 continents. (21 mil in Mexico)

5. Over 2,000 languages, different religions and cultures. Sophisticated civilization  Incas (Peru), Aztecs (Mexico) & Mayans (Central Amer.)      - Mathematics, astronomy, agriculture - Rituals to gods (5,000 victims)

D) The Earliest Americans Sophistication of Native Americans = agriculture (corn) 5,000 BCE  developed wild grass into staple corn 1200 BCE  reached southwest 1100 CE  40,000 people in present day area east of St. Louis

5. 1000 CE  beans, squash, maize (corn) in North America        “Three-sister” farming  used each other to grow better & retain moisture - higher pop. due to farming success. 6. Iroquois created/developed political & organizational skills to form military units – 16th Century (Hiawatha) 7. Europeans believed domination – N. Americans believed in not pushing nature - 1492 – No more than 4 mil. Native Americans in NA Iroquois

E) Indirect Discoverers of the New World 1000 BCE  Norse came upon northeastern shoulder (Vineland/New Foundland) -no support from nation, left. Europeans sought for trade or conquest in Asia, Africa and Americas (mistakenly) Crusades invaded Muslim Holy Land -  People acquired tastes of Asia, which created demand Products f/ East = costly (took long to get them) -  encouraged merchants to find quicker routes to the East

F) Europeans Enter Africa 1. Marco Polo – returned to Europe in 1295        In Asia for 20 yrs. 2. 1450 – Portuguese mariners developed caravel & found better way home  northwesterly f/ Africa-Azores (wind carried them). MARCO POLO and his route

3. Sahara Desert was mysterious, while northern coast was known to Mediterranean 4. European had no direct contact to sub-Saharan Africa ‘till Portuguese sailors went down west African coast (15th Century) – 2/3 of European gold came from Africa 5. Arabs & Africans traded slaves for centuries before Portugal. 6. Slavery in Africa (b4 Euro.) led to extinct of African cultures.

7. 40,000 Africa slaves sent to all sugar islands in 15th century  basis for plantation system 8. Bartholomew Dias – 1488 – sailed to tip of Africa 9. Vasco Da Gama – 1498 – reached India (around Africa). 10. Spain united  Ferdinand Aragon and Isabella of Castile married, Moors expelled, Age of Discovery led by Portugal.

G) Columbus Comes Upon a New World Spain  modern nation-state, unity, wealth, power, conquest and colonization. Renaissance influenced  optimism, print press (1450), compass, science, etc. Oct. 12, 1492 – island sighted in Bahamas by Columbus’ crew… “Successful failure.” Europe provided – markets, capital & technology. Africa provided – labor (slaves) New World provided – raw materials, metals and soil.

H) When Worlds Collide Two ecosystems collide  natural v. forced Perhaps 3/5 of all cultivated crops from Americas 1493 – Christopher Columbus returned to Hispaniola with 7 ships and “Noah’s Ark” New animals & food discovered by Europeans: Iguanas, tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, etc. Food good for the market & population growth Old World goods to New World: cattle, horses, sugarcane, apples, olives, beets, etc.

7. Seeds brought to America: bluegrass, dandelions & daisies. 8. Germs brought: smallpox, yellow fever, & malaria. 9. Germs given to Europeans: syphilis (revenge). 10. 50 yrs. of Spanish arrival  Tainos (Hispanola) from 5 mil. pop. to 200 pop. 11. Century after Columbus  90% of natives gone TAINOS

I) The Spanish Conquistadors 1493- Line of Demarcation – Portugal controlled the East hemisphere – Spain controlled the W. hemisphere – Divided by Pope Alex VI Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) – pushed Line of Demarcation 500 m to the west Spain = dominant power in discovery in 1500’s Balboa – 1513 – claimed Pacific Ocean (Panama) for Spain (Oceano Pacifico – peaceful seas)

5. Magellan (1519) – slain later; remaining crew returned…circled the globe 6. 1513 & 1519 – Ponce de Leon – in Florida 7. Francisco Coronado – 1540-42 – discovered Grand Canyon & Colorado River 8. de Soto - 1539-42 – discovered Mississippi River 9. Francisco Pizarro – 1532 – crushed Incas in Peru  silver & gold rush… trade w/ China, commerce & manufacturing. 10. Supplies stored in Indies for Spain… men & horses could rest b4 invading American mainland 11. Encomienda – “commend” – Indians given to people as long as they converted them to Christianity (basically slavery)

J) The Conquest of Mexico 1519 – Hernán Cortes – sailed f/ Cuba to Mexico Freed enslaved Spaniard Took Indian slave woman (Malinche –Dona Marina) who knew Mayan & Nahuatl, w/ 20,000 Indian men, marched on Tenochtitlan Cortes burned ships to prevent soldiers f/ retreating Gained 20,000 Indian allies to march into Tenochtitlan Montezuma treated Cortes nicely at first, thought he was God (Quetzalcoatl…then… c. Aztecs attacked on 6/30/1520 (noche triste) b. Spaniards won on August 31, 1521.

Native pop. of Mexico – 20 mil. to 2 mil. due to disease & conquest Cortes brought his culture, animals, religion, & laws, to Mexico  adaptable later on - Mixed race resulted  “mestizos” = Indian + European CORTES

K) The Spread of Spanish America 160,000 Spaniards w/ Indians Universities in Mexico City, Peru, & Lima  1551… 85 yrs before Harvard in 1636 3. English sent Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot)  1497 & 1498 a. French sent Giovanni da Verrazano  1524 – East sea board 4. Battle of Acoma  1599 … Spanish providence of New Mexico…Santa Fe 1609

Jacques Cartier – went up 100 miles on St. Lawrence River 6. Spanish build fortress at St. Augustine, FL – 1565 7. Don Juan de Onate – found Santa Fe - 1609 8. Catholic Mission = central institution in New Mexico…provoked Indian uprising- Pope’s Reb. 1680 9. 1716 –Spaniards in TX (settlement = Alamo) a. “Black Legend”  false concept stated that conquerors just killed, tortured Indians, stole gold & infected them w/ smallpox.

Chapter 1 Class Notes: - Aztecs - Incas  all settled near rivers - Mayans  all nomadic civilizations - IO v. CD Aztecs Mayans

Independent Origins V. Cultural Diffusion Development on own V Independent Origins V. Cultural Diffusion Development on own V. sharing of ideas, trade, war - 3Gs RT: - Glory, Gold, God, Renaissance Spirit, Technology. - SSSTC: Subsistence, Surplus, Specialized, Trade, Civilization - Africans trace history from mother - Columbian exchange  disease reduced NA pop. - Largest factor in NA deaths  disease. - St. Augustine in FL = 1st fortress

Key Terms Mestizos Marco Polo Renaissance Francisco Pizarro Canadian Shield Mound Builders Spanish Armada Black Legend Conquistadores Aztecs Pueblo Indians Joint Stock Companies Marco Polo Francisco Pizarro Juan Ponce de Leon Hernando de Soto Montezuma Christopher Columbus Hernan Cortes Francisco Coronado Treaty of Tordesillas

Political Treaty of Tordesillas (moved Line of Demarcation) Political Boundaries Empire building – Spain, Portugal, England, French Pope’s Rebellion Conquistadors Native American formed groups to deal w/ Europeans – Iroquois Confederacy Downfall of early civilization in Central and South America

Social Human labor (Triangle trade) Religion (Christianity), convert Intermingling of races/culture (mestizos) Dia de la Raza New cities and homes Native Americans – dying from disease Founding of colleges

Economic New World discovery = new resources Global economy Trading Up More for merchant to trade Triangle trade Marco Polo

Christopher Columbus Who: Christopher Columbus What: Adventurer, trader, & founder of New World Where: Born – Genoa, Italy Died – Valladolid, Spain When: 1451-1506

How: Son of weaver and politician No formal education, self-taught, chart maker Married Felipa Perestrello Moniz in 1479 Shipwrecked at age 25, found way to Portugal Merchant sailor for Portuguese fleet Moved to Spain Funded by King Ferdinand II & Queen Isabella 4 trips to Carib. & S. America btwn 1492-1504 Governor of founded lands Brother found 1st permanent Euro. settlement in the Americas, Santo Domingo Detained after 3rd trip b/c of bad leadership Explored Cuba, Hispaniola, Cent. & S. America

Why: Good:    Started Age of Discovery    Found new world   Found new resources Columbian Exchange (food)   Proved that you could get East by sailing West Colonization of Americas Bad: Thought he had found a direct route to India, not Americas    Columbian Exchange (diseases) Responsible for deaths of N.A. (direct or indirect depends on person’s opinion)