Style: Style is a combination of typical features of artistic expression, with the same characteristics produced by a person, group, or school. Style of Tennis Shoes in the 1950s What is style?

Styles of 2011 Sports shoes They still have many of the same characteristics but have added some new ones and enhance those that already existed.

Doughty. In Nature’s Wonderland, 1835 pastoral setting where humans and nature coexist peacefully. rugged , yet sublim vast space -distant view (immense vista, and a general grandeur of scale) Romantic wanderer dwarfed by the wilderness terribilita ter-ri-bi-li-ta (wild and terrorful or awesomeness or emotional intensity of conception) Glow of light and sense of silence create the mood Called “leaf painters” because you could see every leaf on the trees. sketched out of doors, all except Asher B. Durand, painted in their studios Combined sketches and used imagination for compositions. The Oxbow by Thomas Cole

Doughty. In Nature’s Wonderland, 1835

Subject Matter landscape - Connecticut River Technical Properties 51 ½” × 76” oil Tight brush strokes Color Earth tones – dark and light & naturalistic Structure & Textures dark wilderness & rainclouds light-filled cultivated landscape Diagonal line / Value / Emphasis -oxbow of the river wilderness vs. cultivated land Space aerial perspective Logging scars Hebrew letters - shaddai, "The Almighty" Style natural scenery & sublime grandeur Rugged Wilderness verses civilization Thomas Cole The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm)

Salvator Rosa. River Landscape with Apollo and the Cumean Sibyl 1655

The work and thought of Cole sparked the growth of the 19th century school of American landscape painting - now referred to as the Hudson River School. Cole began his career by exploring nature and making detailed drawings that became the foundations of his painting style. He was “discovered” in 1825, when an artist, Asher B. Durand, and a patron saw three of his Hudson Valley paintings in New York City. His meticulous landscapes were admired, but his allegorical painting, his personal favorites, were not. Cole, unfortunately, died a poor man. Thomas Cole (1801-1848)

Thomas Cole, Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, 1928

Thomas Cole Savage State

Thomas Cole The Arcadian or Pastoral State

Thomas Cole The Consummation of Empire

Thomas Cole, The Course of Empire: Destruction

Thomas Cole Desolation

Thomas Cole, Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, 1928

Thomas Cole, The voyage of life. Childhood

Thomas Cole, The voyage of life. Youth

Thomas Cole, The voyage of life. Manhood

Thomas Cole, The voyage of life. Old Age

Asher B Durand, Keene Valley

Asher B. Durand (1796-1886) Durand started out as an engraver, but became more interested in oil painting than engraving He and Cole were close friends and when Cole dies, Durand became the leader of the Hudson River School. He encouraged a more realistic representation of nature based on observation rather than Cole’s idealized formulas. Durand published his approach, “Letter on Landscape Painting” which influenced younger Hudson River School artists.

The Signing of the Declaration of Independence, Painting by John Turnbull, Engraving by Asher B. Durand, 1823

Asher B. Durand. Summer Afternoon

Asher B. Durand. The Beeches. 1845

Asher B. Durand. Kindred Spirits

John F. Kensett (1816-1872) Kensett began his career as an engraver but became a prolific landscape painter, sketching in the Catskills, Berkshires, White and Green Mountains during the summer and painting in his New York studio during the winter. Despite his success with painting, he continued to support himself with engraving.

John F Kensett: The Shrewsbury River

Thomas Worthington Whittredge

Fitz Hugh Lane Schooners before approaching storm

Martin J. Heade. Approaching Storm. Beach New Newport

Frederic E. Church (1826-1900) A Connecticut native, Church began studying painting at 16 and when he moved to the Catskills, studied with Thomas Cole for 2 years. Within a year he exhibited at the National Gallery of Design. He traveled extensively and was a master of panoramic landscapes such as Niagara and Heart of the Andes. With his fame and fortune, he built a “Persian” villa in Hudson, New York, called Olana, which commands an impressive view of the Hudson River and the Catskills- the perfect landscape.

Frederic Church The Heart of the Andes Subject matter Landscape- Mt. Chimborazo of Ecuador Panorama -wilderness landscape and was the first to invest it with heroic grandeur Technical properties 68⅛” × 119¼” Oil free brush strokes no -elements of meticulously detailed – leaf painter Color bright & naturalistic Structure waterfall & pool hamlet and church 2 natives & cross Church's signature Juxtaposition / Contrast smooth & irregular forms light and dark Diagonal line / Value / Emphasis Mt. Chimborazo Space aerial perspective Style detailed observation of nature exotic & mysterious

Frederic Church The Heart of the Andes

Frederic Church The Heart of the Andes

Frederic Church The Heart of the Andes

Frederic Edwin Church: The Icebergs