Challenges of open science Dr. Jussi Paananen Institute of Biomedicine / School of Medicine University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland jussi.paananen@uef.fi CC 4.0 BY

To start with, it is important to remember that there are different levels of openness.

LEVEL OF OPENNES CLOSED OPEN

Question #1: Where on this scale is publicly funded academic research? LEVEL OF OPENNES CLOSED OPEN

Question #1: Where on this scale is publicly funded academic research? Question #2: Where should it be? LEVEL OF OPENNES CLOSED OPEN

Let’s take a look…

Identify research opportunities Preparation Initialization Collect data Analyze data Disseminate findings

Ideas, concepts, hypotheses Identify research opportunities Preparation Initialization Collect data Analyze data Disseminate findings Publications, presentations Research plans, grant applications, collaborator lists Result lists, visualizations, tools, methods, lab notebooks Reference lists, literature reviews Research data, lab notebooks

So which parts are actually open on your ”average academic research project”…

Ideas, concepts, hypotheses Identify research opportunities Preparation Initialization Collect data Analyze data Disseminate findings Publications, presentations Research plans, grant applications, collaborator lists Result lists, visualizations, tools, methods, lab notebooks Reference lists, literature reviews Research data, lab notebooks

Ideas, concepts, hypotheses Identify research opportunities Preparation Initialization Collect data Analyze data Disseminate findings Publications (partially) Publications, presentations Research plans, grant applications, collaborator lists Selected methods and results Result lists, visualizations, tools, methods, lab notebooks Reference lists, literature reviews Research data, lab notebooks

How open publishing and open data initiatives are changing the picture

Ideas, concepts, hypotheses Identify research opportunities Preparation Initialization Collect data Analyze data Disseminate findings Publications (partially) Publications, presentations Research plans, grant applications, collaborator lists Selected methods and results Result lists, visualizations, tools, methods, lab notebooks Reference lists, literature reviews Research data, lab notebooks

Ideas, concepts, hypotheses Identify research opportunities Preparation Initialization Collect data Analyze data Disseminate findings Publications Publications, presentations Research plans, grant applications, collaborator lists Selected methods and results Result lists, visualizations, tools, methods, lab notebooks Reference lists, literature reviews Research data, lab notebooks Research data

Question #1: Where on this scale is publicly funded academic research? LEVEL OF OPENNES CLOSED OPEN

Question #1: Where on this scale is publicly funded academic research? LEVEL OF OPENNES CLOSED OPEN HERE

Question #1: Where on this scale is publicly funded academic research? LEVEL OF OPENNES CLOSED OPEN HERE WITH OPEN PUBLISHING WITH OPEN DATA

Question #2: Where should it be? LEVEL OF OPENNES CLOSED OPEN

CLOSED OPEN Question #2: Where should it be? LEVEL OF OPENNES SOMEWHERE AROUND HERE (ACCORDING TO E.G. EUROPEAN COMISSION 2030 VISIONS)

(EC FUNDED OPEN SCIENCE TRAINING PROGRAM) Open Science is the practice of science in such a way that others can collaborate and contribute, where research data, lab notes and other research processes are freely available, under terms that enable reuse, redistribution and reproduction of the research and its underlying data and methods. FOSTER (EC FUNDED OPEN SCIENCE TRAINING PROGRAM)

“Open notebook science -- involves placing the personal, or laboratory, notebook of the researcher online along with all raw and processed data, and any associated material, as this material is generated. The approach may be summed up by the slogan 'no insider information'.” – Wikipedia “The central theme of open research is to make clear accounts of the methodology freely available via the internet, along with any data or results extracted or derived from them. This permits a massively distributed collaboration, and one in which anyone may participate at any level of the project.” – Wikipedia

So, back to the original question So, back to the original question. What are the challenges of Open Science for researchers?

Infrastructure Knowledge & Expertise Culture & Attitudes

I would argue that infrastructure is already in place I would argue that infrastructure is already in place. There are dozens of software tools and services for open data, open research and open notebook science.

Knowledge & expertise is lacking Knowledge & expertise is lacking. Researchers don’t know about the possibilities and requirements, and do not know how to use the available infrastructure.

Culture & attitudes is the main concern Culture & attitudes is the main concern. Most researchers don’t want to embrace Open Science, because of Reasons.

The Reason The desire to advance ones own situation, even at the expense of others

The Solution(?) Carrot: Make Open Science more lucrative for an individual than Closed Science.

Short term improvements Involve researchers! Open Science initiatives are too often driven by infrastructure/service providers (libraries, IT-centers…) Open Access has already been solved, pretty much same for Open Data. Time to focus on the other more important & challenging parts of Open Science! Provide training!

To sum up, some pros & cons from colleagues who have gone ”the Open Science way”..

Pros Visibility, collaborations, fame, and therefore money, publications, positions and influence

No one is actually that interested about my ideas/data. Cons No one is actually that interested about my ideas/data.

Thank you!