Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower Section 24-1 Filament Anther Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Petal Sepal Ovule Stamen I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollem b. Style supports stigma; forms a pollen tube c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- becomes seeds II. Stamen – male a. Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports anther III. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud while it is developing

From flower to fruit Flowers, fruits and seeds…

III. Why are seed plants more successful that spore producing plants?

A. Gametophyte generation is very tiny (only a few cells) A. Gametophyte generation is very tiny (only a few cells). In gymnosperms and angiosperms it is protected inside seeds and fruits so the young of seed plants tend to survive better. The spores of ferns and mosses must land in a wet habitat. If they do not, they will die. B. Sperm does not have to swim thru water- it is carried by wind or animals during pollination. This enables seed plants to live in dryer habitats. It also increases reproductive success.

Name 5 Characteristics all Plants share Eukaryotic Cell Wall of Cellulose All Multicellular Autotrophs- Use Photosynthesis Reproduce Sexually and Asexually

Scientist believe all plants probably evolved from what common ancestor? Freshwater Multicellular Green Algae Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue

1. Similar life cycles (alternation of generations) What evidence suggests that all plants probbably evolved from a multicellular green algae? 1. Similar life cycles (alternation of generations) 2. Cellulose in cell walls 3. Similar pigments; like chlorophyll 4. DNA evidence

What group of plants has NO Vascular tissues and relies on water for reproduction because it does not produce seeds? Bryophytes

What group of plants has has vascular tissue but still relies on water for reproduction because it does not produce seeds? Ferns and their relatives

This group of plants were the first to produce seeds allowing plants to live away from water sources. Gymnosperms

This group of plants is the most successful because of their ability to produce flowers and enclose their seeds within a fruit. Angiosperms

Plant Structures and Tissues

Figure 22–6 A Cladogram of Plant Groups Section 22-1 Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Green algae ancestor Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Seeds Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Go to Section:

Figure 24–1 Evolution of the Gametophyte and the Sporophyte Section 24-1 Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte (2N) Bryophytes Ferns Seed plants

Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed Basic Structures in Plants A. Seed – embryo of a plant that is protected by a covering and surrounded by a food supply 1. Can remain dormant for many years 2. Environmental factors (temperature and moisture) end dormancy Figure 22–19 The Structure of a Seed Section 22-4 Seed coat Embryo Stored food supply Seed Wing B A Go to Section:

3. Many modified for easy dispersal a. Light weight - can float in water and in the air b. Textured seed coats that stick to animal fur c.“Winged” seeds – can “fly” long distances away from parent plant

d. Angiosperm seeds are surrounded by fleshy fruits that are eaten by animals allowing seeds to be dispersed e. Seeds of Gymnosperms develop inside of protective cones

Figure 23–7 The Structure of a Root Vascular Tissues- system of “tubes” throughout a plant; two types – xylem and phloem Section 23-2 1. Xylem - transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant 2. Phloem - transports the products of photosynthesis (sugars) from the leaves to the rest of the plant

Figure 23–7 The Structure of a Root Roots – absorb water and nutrients, anchor the plant, store food Section 23-2 Epidermis Root hairs Phloem Xylem Apical meristem Root cap Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Ground tissue (cortex) Vascular Cylinder

Stems – supports plant, contains vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients between the roots and leaves Section 23-1 Leaf Stem Root Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue

Two types of growth occur in stems and roots Primary – growth from the tips of the roots and the shoots at areas called apical meristem Secondary – growth in the width of the plant. (tree rings)

Transpiration A B Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves. Section 23-5 A B Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves. Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.

E. Leaves carry out photosynthesis and transpiration Epidermis - outer layer that covers the leaf. “skin” Cuticle – waxy covering over the epidermis that prevents the plant from drying out Mesophyll - middle layer of cells that carry out photosynthesis and exchange of the gases CO2 and O2

Figure 23–18 The Internal Structure of a Leaf Section 23-4 Cuticle Veins Epidermis mesophyll Xylem Vein Phloem mesophyll Epidermis Stomata Guard cells

4. Stomata – openings on the bottom of the leaf that allow gases to enter and leave 5. Guard cells – cells around the stomata that open and close the stomata

When the guard cells are full of water, the stomata is open When the guard cells are full of water, the stomata is open. When they do not have water the stomata is closed. (This helps the plant conserve water when it is dry. Stomata are usually closed at night. (no sun = no photosynthesis)

Figure 23–18 The Internal Structure of a Leaf Section 23-4 Cuticle Veins Epidermis mesophyll Xylem Vein Phloem mesophyll Epidermis Stomata Guard cells

23-4 Structure and Function of Leaves

F. Flowers – reproductive structures present only in Angiosperms F. Flowers – reproductive structures present only in Angiosperms. Pollination – occurs mostly by animals (best adaptation!) Many angiosperms have mutual relationships with animals like insects, bats, or birds. As animals gather nectar from flowers, they also transfer pollen from flower to flower helping the plant reproduce. Many animal species are flower specific- they only gather nectar from one type of flower. After pollination and fertilization, seeds develop inside protective fruits.

Figure 24–5 The Structure of a Flower Section 24-1 I. Carpel – female a. Stigma – traps pollen b. Style supports stigma; forms a pollen tube for sperm to reach egg c. Ovary – becomes fruit d. Ovule- eggs that becomes seeds II. Stamen – male a. Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports anther c. pollen – carries sperm III. Petals – attract pollinators IV. Sepals – protect flower bud while it is developing Filament Anther Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Petal Sepal Ovule Stamen