Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY European Colonialism in Africa Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

WHAT IS IMPERIALISM? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OLD IMPERIALISM and NEW IMPERIALISM? Who are the imperialists? Where did they go in the 1600’s? Where did they go in the 1800’s?

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

European Motives For Colonization European Nationalism Source for Raw Materials Missionary Activity Industrial Revolution European Motives For Colonization Markets for Finished Goods Military & Naval Bases Social Darwinism European Racism Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul. Humanitarian Reasons Soc. & Eco. Opportunities “White Man’s Burden”

WHY NEW IMPERIALISM? POLITICAL CULTURAL ECONOMIC HOW Suez Canal and technology Military and war Disease

19c Mysteries & Adventures

1. Where Is Dr. Livingstone? Doctor Livingstone, I Presume? Sir Henry Morton Stanley Dr. David Livingstone

European Explorers in Africa 19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1879 Africans ruled 90% 1910 Africa taken over by Europeans Only free areas were Liberia and Ethiopia

Africa 1890

Africa in 1914

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Another point of view? 

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

Social Darwinism

The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling

The “White Man’s Burden”?

20TH CENTURY COLONIALISM IN AFRICA

EGYPT strategic location and tried to modernize (Muhammad Ali and Isma’il) Forced farmers to grow cotton (industry!) Built Suez Canal…but debt to British! - So….British ruled “indirectly” to save investments

BELGIUM Belgium took CENTRAL AFRICA – CONGO Import substitution: RUBBER TREES Forced Africans to work on the plantations which were very dangerous

The Belgian Congo: "King Leopold's Ghost"

The Congo Free State or The Belgian Congo

King Leopold II: (r. 1865 – 1909)

Harvesting Rubber

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul.) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Leopold’s Conscience??

Leopold Defends Himself in Paris, 1903 King Leopold (to Loubert) : How about that!  John Bull claims that I tortured, robbed and murdered more than he did. . . Loubert : No, your Majesty, that's impossible .

ETHIOPIA Fought off ITALIAN colonialism (Battle of Adawa) – MENELIK II (King) REMAINED INDEPENDENT because it had lots of help from European countries, more industrialized, religious affiliation

The Struggle For South Africa

SOUTH AFRICA British in S. Africa because the Dutch had asked them to “look after” their territories during Napoleonic era. Africanners (Dutch) or Boers and British surrounded ZULU and took lands Zulu were a fierce tribe led by SHAKA ZULU

Boer-British Tensions Increase 1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal. 1883 – Boers fought British in the Transvaal and regained its independence. - Paul Kruger becomes President. 1880s – Gold discovered in the Transvaal

Dutch Landing in 1652

Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)

The Great Trek, 1836-38 Afrikaners

Diamond Mines Raw Diamonds

The Struggle for South Africa

SOUTH AFRICA – CONT. Africanners & British clash over gold – Boers go on the Great Trek to move north Boer War = British vs. BOERS (Africanners) – British win! But they let the Africaners stay…

“The Colossus of Rhodes” Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) “The Colossus of Rhodes”

Uncle Sam: “The Colossus of the Pacific” (A Parody)

Paul Kruger (1825-1904)

The Boer War: 1899 - 1900 The British The Boers

A Future British Prime Minister Just like in the Spanish-American War with Theodore Roosevelt leading the Rough Riders, the Boer War made Churchill a leader for the future. British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill

APARTEID in SOUTH AFRICA RACIAL SEGREGATION Majority black (90%) have less rights than minority white Africaans (10%) Whites profit off cheap African labor while retaining all the privileges ENDED IN 1994: Nelson Mandela is President

NEW ECONOMIES IN AFRICA No more slavery? CASH CROPS RUBBER (Congo), Tea, etc…. PALM OIL – for the new industrial machines

COERCED LABOR ALGERIA – French forced natives to work for 10-12 days a year (like corvee or mit’a) CONGO – Belgian Rubber plantations (Africans forced) INDONESIA – Dutch forced farmers to sell cheap crops to them (20%) There was rebellion: Maji Maji

MIGRATION FOR WORK Africans and other colonial people moved from countryside to cities (disrupt families) Many became indentured servants Worked in areas that the mother country also “owned” and controlled: (Indians to Mauritius and South Africa)

CULTURAL CHANGES Europeans tried to make colonists “like them” EDUCATION (western education, better positions) DRESS (dress like a European) RELIGION (Christianity or stop offensive practices) - no nudity - no polygamy - no sati - no female circumcision

CONSEQUENCES OF NEW IMPERIALISM Some fought – Menelik in Ethiopia ag. Italy in 1896 – and WON Most rebellions were unsuccessful Africans lived in poverty, made to labor, sold as slaves – no chance for land Mission schools – took away culture, introduced W. ways, sometimes changed (Islam)