Say Hi! To your family tree….

Bonobos…. Walking?

Day 3 D.3.5: Outline the trends illustrated by the fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus, Australopithecus including A. afarensis and A. africanus, and Homo including H. habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens. D.3.6: State that, at various stages in hominid evolution, several species may have coexisted.

Trends in skull shape Anatomical Feature Ape-like form Human –like form Position of foramen magnum Towards the back of the skull Towards the center of the skull Cranial capacity Small Large Canine teeth Long and sharp Short and dull Molars Long and narrow Short and wide Brow ridge Protruding Flat Face below brow jaw Tall and thick Small and thin

Small cranial capacity (brain size indicator) Long and sharp canines Short and dull canines

Hominid (human-like) Fossils Ardipithecus ramidus (5.8-4.4 mya) Australopithecus afarensis (4-2.5 mya) Australopithecus africanus (3-2.5 mya) Homo hablilis (2.4-1.6 mya) Homo erectus (1.8 million-100,000 ya) Homo neanderthalenis (200,000-30,000 ya) Homo sapiens (140,000 – present)

Hominid (human-like) Fossils Ardipithecus ramidus (5.8-4.4 mya) Close to the human chimp common ancestor. Chimpanzee-like with hominid canines and possibly bipedal.

Hominid (human-like) Fossils Australopithecus afarensis (4-2.5 mya) Canines became smaller and pelvis structure indicates possible bipedalism, still had a projecting face, cranial capacity 380-420cm³.

Drawing depicting differences in teeth Australopithecus Chimp

Hominid (human-like) Fossils Australopithecus africanus (3-2.5 mya) Compared to afarensis it had a larger cranial capacity (435-530cm³) and smaller teeth. Still had the protruding jaw and strong possibility of bipedalism.

Hominid (human-like) Fossils Homo hablilis (2.4-1.6 mya) Flatter face than australopithecus with similar cranial capacity (600cm³) Chimp

Hominid (human-like) Fossils Homo erectus (1.8 million-100,000 ya) Small jaw, receding forehead, large brow ridges, cranial capacity 1000cm³. Migratory with remains found in both Europe and Asia. Also first to use fire.

Hominid (human-like) Fossils Homo neanderthalenis (200,000-30,000 ya) Small jaw, a lower forehead, smaller brow ridges, and smaller molars, and had large brains(1600cm³) Coexisted with modern man. Neanderthal Modern Human

Neanderthal Homo Sapien

Homo Sapien (modern human) High forehead, no brow ridges, flat face, very small jaw, cranial capacity 1300cm³. We still share characteristics with primates. Cave of Altamira (38,000 BCE)

Fertility Statues 35,000 BCE 25,000 BCE 20,000 BCE

Homo neanderthalenis???

Coexistence of hominid species

Key Points Day 3 D.3.5: Trends in human evolution include: Movement of the foramen magnum towards the base of the skull (indicates bipedalism) Increasing cranial capacity (indicated greater intelligence) A reduction of teeth size (canines and molars) as well as jaw size. Less facial protrusion and reduced brow ridges. **** You need to know details about each hominid!