ISOLATIONISM IMPERIALISM DEF. PROS CONS Strict non-involvement in the affairs of other nations=“loner” Extending power by acquiring territory around the globe or exploiting weaker nations to serve national interests=“bully” PROS Keep to themselves Work on issues @ home Develop/Perfect American society Land/Resources Economic Growth Strategic Defense Locations CONS Fall behind the global territory race (less land) Loss of Economic gains Negative view by countries in need of government assistance Expense to conquer/travel/aid other lands ($) Loss of lives in conflicts Negative view by the world

The Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 Alfred Mahan and The Great White Fleet Due to new trade markets Mahan calls for an improved navy to protect the merchant Marines Congress developed these white steam powered ships Causes of Imperialism: 1. Need for raw materials (Industrial Revolution=Economic) 2. Weaponry advancements, the conquering of underdeveloped regions (militarily) 3. People’s overall attitude (ordinary people were eager for an empire=Racial Superiority) The purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 for 7.2 million. Alaska was rich in resources like Oil and Gold. Why are many Americans unhappy with this Purchase? Cost of the land overall meant higher taxes , and for what in return… What changes there minds about this land in 1897,1898, 1968? The finding of abundant natural resources… Seward's Folly step one

U.S. Expands to the Pacific

JAPAN AMERICAN INTEREST: CHINA AMERICAN INTEREST: TREATY OF KANAGAWA: Keeping an eye on Japanese growth as a world power. Japanese and Russian interest in Manchuria (rich Northern China territory with industrialization potential) TREATY OF KANAGAWA: This agreement, forced on the Tokugawa shogunate by Commodore Perry's menacing "black ships,“ ended over two centuries of virtual exclusion (the exception being the Dutch) of foreign traders from the coast of Japan. CHINA AMERICAN INTEREST: In Chinese Markets Was carved into Spheres of Influence: Or trading with the huge Chinese markets (huge population) Secretary of State John Hay By: The U.S. wants the countries to have An Open Door Policy: Under which all nations would enjoy equal trading privileges in Eastern Asia Chinese resentment results in the Boxer Chinese nationalists rising up to expel foreigners from China (242 missionaries are murdered) Rebellion:

THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR Europe and the U.S. eye Latin America as a source of raw materials and new trade markets U.S. attempts to use the Monroe Doctrine to limit European influence in Latin America. Pan American Union was established in an effort to improve relations with Latin America. problems in cuba Located 90 miles off the coast of Florida (U.S.) Revolutionaries struggled for independence from Spain in the 1890’s Spain sends Weyler (the Butcher) to regain control and maintain order Governor Valeriano Weyler forces Cubans into camps These actions send Cuba’s economy into a tailspin Human conditions and stories of abuse were sensationalized by American Press (Yellow Journalism) Americans have over $50 million invested in Cuban sugar plantations. We identified with their plight (Revolutionary War) We saw Cuba as a geographic extension of the U.S. (little brother) Presidents Cleveland and McKinley want to remain neutral. american reaction

"Remember the Maine" 1898 rebels begin fighting in Havana, Cuba The American battleship, USS Maine, was sent to Cuba to protect American citizens and interest there. February 15, 1898: USS Maine is bombed(?). 266 of the 350 sailors on board were killed!! April 25, 1898: the United States formally declared war against Spain. YELLOW JOURNALISM: sensational headlines and stories; Influences public sentiment concerning the events behind the Maine incident.

manifest destiny Up to the 1890’s 1890’s & beyond Continually traveling west Alaska, Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Florida, Northern Mariana Islands, Louisiana Purchase, Puerto Rico, Missouri Territory, & U.S. Virgin Islands Texas Annexation (From Sea to Shining Sea)

PEACE TREATY BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES Cuba is free U.S. gets Puerto Rico & Guam for $20 million U.S also got Philippines The United States gains an EMPIRE! The Foracker Act sets up a new Government for Puerto Rico. This act gave Puerto Ricans citizenship of Puerto Rico but not citizens of the US. 1917 Puerto Ricans were made United States citizens due to the Jones Act of 1917. After the war the US remained in Cuba. Cuba finally gains complete Independence in May 20, 1902. They were allowed to write their own Constitution. The US forced the Cubans to include the Platt Amendment Agreement in their constitution. *it limited Cuba’s right to Make a treaty with a foreign power that might impair it’s independence. *gave the US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs in order to preserve independence and maintain order in Cuba to protect American naval and coaling stations and effectively made Cuba a protectorate of the US. puerto rico cuba Ruling an Empire Renew their struggle for independence from the US now. Emilio Aguinaldo led rebel forces against the US. Expansionist did not feel they were ready for Independence Did not gain independence from the US until 1946. philippines

panama canal

U.S. foreign policies ROOSEVELT COROLLARY (expansion of Monroe Doctrine): Gives the US the right to intervene in Latin America to export European powers if there was an underlying threat of colonization. What was done when the Dominican Republic could not pay its debts in 1905? In 1905, US president Theodore Roosevelt appointed repayment of their debt. This first application of the "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine was followed in 1916 by the US establishment of a military government under Marine Capt. H. S. Knapp. It ruled the Dominican Republic until 12 July 1924, when sovereignty was restored. US customs control continued until 1941. DOLLAR DIPLOMACY (PRESIDENT TAFT) Encouragement of American Diplomacy & dollars to invest in Latin America. This policy eventually let to American ownership of plantations, markets, railroads, and banks in Central America. Why? To protect American interests (financially, politically, militarily) in Latin America.