The Puritans “Purification” of the Protestant Church Only visible saints should be in the church. Not the norm in England in the early 1600s. Fled the persecution of King James I for Holland in 1608. Get permission to settle in Virginia and miss their target, landing in Massachusetts in 1620 on the Mayflower.

Importance of the Mayflower Compact Signed by 41 males. Formed a “government” and agreed that the settlers would submit to the will of the majority. Sets the precedent for future documents governing colonies and later states. Town meetings

Plymouth Plantation Carefully restored, the modest village at Plymouth looks today much as it did nearly four hundred years ago. p43

Plymouth First winter goes very badly. Only 44 out of 102 survive. Fall 1621- First Thanksgiving William Bradford- Elected governor 30 times. As iconic as the “Pilgrims” and “Plymouth Rock” are in American tradition, the colony is never very large or important economically. Merges with Massachusetts Bay in 1691.

Map 3.1: The Great English Migrations, c. 1630–1642 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Massachusetts Bay Colony Group of Puritans given a charter in 1629. 11,000 reach Massachusetts in 1630, part of the “Great Migration” from England during the 1630s. Leadership of John Winthrop First governor His leadership, along with others, led the colony to be the most influential outpost in New England “We shall be as a city upon a hill”

Life in Massachusetts Bay Freemen get to vote…really? Adult males belong to Puritan churches Purpose of government was to enforce God’s laws Nonbelievers and believers paid taxes for the government-supported church Clergymen could not hold public office “Protestant ethic”- serious commitment to work

Anne Hutchinson, Dissenter Mistress Hutchinson (1591–1643) held unorthodox views that challenged the authority of the clergy and the very integrity of the Puritan experiment in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. An outcast in her day, she has been judged a heroine in the eye of history. This statue in her honor, erected in the nineteenth century, now graces the front of the Boston, Massachusetts, Statehouse. p46

Dissension in Massachusetts Bay Anne Hutchinson View on predestination Banished from the colony for heresy Roger Williams Wanted to break from the Church of England completely Condemned the charter for taking land from Indians without fair compensation Civil government cannot regulate religious behavior Banished from the colony

Map 3.3: Seventeenth-Century New England Settlements Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Rhode Island Williams flees Massachusetts to Rhode Island and sets up a Baptist church at Providence COMPLETE freedom of religion No oaths regarding religious beliefs No compulsory worship attendance No taxes to support a state church

Rhode Island Freedom of opportunity Nicknamed “Rogue’s Island” because of the settlements of people who were either exiled or displeased with Massachusetts Bay Receives a charter from Parliament in 1644.

Connecticut Hartford settled by small numbers of Dutch and English as well as some Boston Puritans in 1635-1636. Becomes the Connecticut River Colony Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) Democratic regime controlled by the wealthy, landowning citizens. New Haven, settled by Puritans, “merged” with other Connecticut settlements in 1662 charter

New England expansion Massachusetts Bay purchases the area along the coast of Maine in 1677. New Hampshire becomes a royal colony in 1679 after the king separated it from Massachusetts Bay

Attack on a Pequot Fort During the Pequot War of 1637, engraving by J. W. Barber, 1830 This was the first war between natives and Europeans in British North America. It culminated in the Puritan militia’s vicious burning out and slaughtering of nearly three hundred Pequot men, women, and children. The defeat of the Pequots eliminated armed resistance to the new settlements of New Haven and Guildford. The Connecticut Valley would not see significant “Indian troubles” again for forty years, when the Indians of New England united in their final stand against the encroachments of English settlers, King Philip’s War. p49

Relations with Native Americans Wampanoag chief Massasoit signs treaty with Plymouth 1621. First Thanksgiving 1637- Pequot War Small effort to convert Indians to Christianity, but these were weak at best

New England Confederation Defense against the Indians, French, and Dutch Had jurisdiction over intercolonial problems Two Massachusetts colonies and two Connecticut colonies First small step toward colonial unity

England takes notice Colonies have become nearly independent commonwealths by 1660 When Charles II comes to power, he punishes Massachusetts Bay for not following royal orders 1662- Connecticut gets charter 1663- Rhode Island gets charter 1684- Massachusetts Bay Colony has charter revoked

Dominion of New England Imposed on the colonies by England in 1686 Bolster colonial defense Designed to promote efficiency in English Navigation Laws Meant to choke off American trade with countries besides England

Map 3.4: Sir Edmund Andros's Dominion of New England Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The “First” American Revolution Sir Edmund Andros heads the Dominion of New England Restricts town meetings Restricts freedom of the press Levees taxes without consent of reps. When the news of the Glorious Revolution in England reaches the colonies, they send Andros back to England

Effects of the Glorious Revolution Massachusetts made a royal colony with a new charter, royal governor, and all male property holders given the right to vote New monarchs relaxed the Navigation Laws, and the period of “salutary neglect” begins More English officials in America Led to contempt and resentment

Map 3.5: Early Settlements in the Middle Colonies, with Founding Dates Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

New Netherland Dutch East India Company hires Henry Hudson. Explores up the Hudson River in 1609 and files a Dutch claim to the area. New Netherland (1623-24) Most important thing was buying Manhattan Island from the Native Americans for pennies an acre. New Amsterdam run by the Dutch East India Company

New Amsterdam Little religious toleration Free speech and democratic practices are minimal. Hudson River becomes the picture of affluence. Patroonships- feudal estates that were given to wealthy settlers who agreed to have fifty people settle on them

Dutch tensions with neighbors New England uneasy with the growth of New Netherland Dutch invade New Sweden under Peter Stuyvesant and absorb the Swedish colonists living there.

English take over New York English seize New Amsterdam without firing a shot. Renamed New York after the Duke of York, brother of Charles II England gains an extremely important harbor in the middle colonies and control of the Hudson River The aristocratic spirit that existed under the Dutch expands under the English influence of the corrupt governors

Pennsylvania Quakers “Quaked” when moved by their religious emotion Refused to pay taxes to the Church of England Refused to take oaths Pacifists Refused military service

Pennsylvania (1681) William Penn Obtains a land grant from the king of England in the area of what is now Pennsylvania Advertises in multiple languages for people to come to his colony. Haven for the Quakers Liberal land policy attracts immigrants. Encouraged laborers to own land, not just the wealthy.

Penn’s Influence Buys land from Chief Tammany. Quakers had good relationship with Native Americans, later immigrants did not. Government Representative assembly elected by landowners No tax-supported state church Freedom of worship Death penalty for treason and murder only No provision for military defense No restriction on immigration

Penn’s Melting Pot People from many ethnic groups come to Pennsylvania By 1700, only Virginia and Massachusetts have more population and wealth Penn created a land of opportunity, but dies with little appreciation for what he had done.

Common elements of the Middle Colonies Fertile Soil “Bread Colonies” Rivers drew exploration inland from the coast Lumbering and shipbuilding Medium-sized farms More ethnically mixed populations