The New Monarchies: 15c – 16c

Basics of New Monarchs Shift from divided feudal to unified national monarchies- sovereign 100 Years War and Great Schism weakened nobility and clergy Growing towns allied with the monarchs Accumulated and centralized power Bureaucracy of loyal townspeople staffed royal offices Monarchs were aided by growing prosperity that increased tax revenues

England  stability under the Tudors France  consolidation of power. Spain  unification by marriage. HR Empire  different model: the cost of decentralization.

The Tudors of England

Henry VII- 1486-1509 Came to power following the destructive War of the Roses- provided much wanted order Carefully lived off of his own revenues, confiscated lands and fortunes of nobles- did not alienate the people by issuing new taxes Increased the power of JPs Strengthened the Royal Council- Star Chamber

France in the 15c – 16c

Louis XI- 1461-1483 The French Estates General not as powerful as the English Parliament- allowed king to raise taxes somewhat independently Standing army- source of royal power Annexed the Duchy of Burgundy Inherited Anjou, Maine, and Provence Almost doubled the size of his kingdom Created a national postal system

The Habsburg Dynasty

Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain The Madonna of the Monarchs

Kingdoms of Spain: 1492

Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain 1469- Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand heir to throne of Aragon creating the Kingdom of Spain Fought 10 year civil war against nobles that objected to their union Ruled Castile and Aragon as separate kingdoms Reduced number of great nobles and gave Hidalgos, lesser nobles that depended on the favor of the monarchs, more power Gained control of military orders Gained right to make ecclesiastical appointments Supervised the judicial system directly Increased revenues- supported overseas expansion Drove out Muslims which increased support for the monarchs

Empire of Charles V

The Empire of Philip II

The Holy Roman Empire: Late 1512

The Holy Roman Empire: Late 16c

Central Europe in 1600

The Growth of the Ottoman Empire

The Battle of Lepanto, 1571

Eastern Europe in 1550