PEN in DRC Riyong Kim Bakkegaard Putting PEN to Paper 23-28 March 2009 Bogor, Indonesia

I. Context Central Africa Luki Biosphere Reserve : 32,968 hectares Tropical lowland rainforest

Average no. people per HH: I. Context Luki Biosphere Reserve 32,968 ha 5 study villages 207 HH Village Pop’n Sample After Att.* 01 2000 35 29 02 4900 60 58 03 794 40 32 04 345 36 05 317 24 Total 8356 207 175 Average no. people per HH: 4.7 Out if not in all 4 quarters Why 5? Village selection dependent on logistical access to villages during rainy season Key sub-dimensions: Closeness to markets Level of migration

II. Household income sources

II. Household income sources

II. Household income sources

III. Income sources and seasonality

III. Income sources and seasonality Aug – Oct (start rain) Nov-Jan (big rain) “lean period” planting Surveys revealed that forest income was not a seasonal gap filler for subsistence, but more a source of cash income… to buy rice, petrol other staples. Feb - Apr (little dry and little rain) May – Jul (dry)

IV. Key forest and environmental products (1) Total Forest Income Product Net Inc. Share Cash Inc. Cash % Sub. Inc. Sub. % Firewood 2945250 38.89 56000 1.9 2889250 98.10 Bushmeat 1197765 15.82 443134.3 37.00 754630.7 63.00 Charcoal 864600 11.42 716150 82.83 13450 1.56 Other products found significant in own categories: Direct Forest Income: Palm nut, eru Forest Derived Income: Palm oil Non-forest Environmental Income: avocado, coffee Fuelwood = subsistence fuel source Bushmeat = luxury good. Sold in KIN, cash and subsistence protein Charcoal = sell in Kinshasa, cash Palm nut/oil = for cooking, fibre for marangue Eru = luxury good for cooking, sold in KIN/ traders, cash source Avocado, other fruits = roadside, sold in KIN

IV. Key forest and environmental products (3) Pricing Own reported values Contingent valuation Checked own reported values (on Qtr1&2) S.D. << mean for most Mean ~ mode ~ median = little skewness S.D > Mean or ↑ dispersion = naturally heterogenous products Quality : Bushmeat, Wood for charcoal, Palm oil Season : safu fruit, palm nut Distance : firewood Unit price matched ratio of quantities Valuation method for subsistence goods: own reported values Preliminary analysis of own reported values: SD< mean – values clustered around the mean mean, median and mode values are quite closely related indicating little skewness Products that were found to deviate from the central tendency and have extremely large standard deviations compared to the means are naturally quite heterogeneous in size, quality, spatial availability and seasonal price to begin with e.g. Bushmeat, timber, wood and palm oil (seasonal differences) Different unit prices matched the ratio of quantities e.g. Mushroom, safu, palm oil Transformed product price > unprocessed product price

V. Income composition and poverty

VI. Other patterns Households using forests to cope with crisis Freq. % Cum No 66 88.0 88.00 Yes 9 12.00 100.00 Total 75 Most common coping mechanisms Freq. % Cum. Harvest more agicultural products 27 26.73 Do extra casual labour work 18 17.82 44.55 Tried to reduce household spending 17 16.83 61.39 Assistance from friends and relatives 12 11.88 73.27 Harvest more forest products 9 8.91 82.18 Spend cash savings 7 6.93 89.11 Did nothing in particular 5 4.95 94.06 Other 3 2.97 97.03 Sell assets (land, livestock, etc.) 2 1.98 99.01 Get loan from money lender, credit asso 1 0.99 100.00 Total 101

VI. Other patterns Stepping stone out of poverty? Top 50% of HH are > poverty line (IMF, 2007) Higher quintiles earn more AFI and ACFI  assists accumulation of wealth? Higher quintiles exploit greater diversity and quantity of collected forest products, such as: bushmeat, eru, safu fruit, mushroom, Marantaceae leaves for the production of chikuangue, as well as products not collected by lower quintiles e.g. timber, sawnwood etc.

VI. Other patterns Pearson Correlation Net direct forest income (DFI) and distance Variable Net DFI Net DFI income 1.000 Distance to Road - 0.017 Distance to district market - 0.074 Dist to market where forest products are sold Variable Net FDI Net FDI income 1.000 Distance to Road - 0.140 Distance to district market - 0.010 Dist to market where forest products are sold Net forest derived income (FDI) and distance

VII. Policies and overall findings Latest Regression results on RFI and AFI show GENDER and ASSET wealth are significant Pairwise correlations: ↓ RFI with ↑ crop, livestock, biz and salary. 1 village (12 km from mkt) significant negative correlation between crop and business to RFI