Cells

CELL WALL Rigid outer wall Gives plants support No skeleton Animal cells do not have cell walls Flexibility

CELL WALL Primary cell wall composed of… Cellulose Primary food source for grazers Also clothing, paper, furniture… Hemicellulose (glue) Pectin (stiffness of jelly) Glycoprotein (sugar protein)

CELL WALL Secondary cell wall form inside the primary wall Mostly cellulose Lignins form like matrix for support Very rigid

Communication Tiny tunnels that allow for cells to exchange “information” Plasmodesmata Plasmodesma (singular) Communication is carried out with sugars, proteins, amino acids, etc

Plasma Membrane The flexible membrane of the living cell Controls the movement of materials in and out of cell

Cytoplasm Liquid inside cell Mostly water Cytoplasm Salts and proteins, too

Nucleus The control center Contains DNA Nucleus DNA is the blueprint of plant biology Heritable traits

Nucleus DNA stored as chromosomes Nuclear envelope is porous Controls what comes in and goes out

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Directs traffic and activities within the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Primary site for the synthesis of other organelles inside cell Modifies proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Rough ER Ribosomes attached to surface Smooth ER Lacking ribosomes

Ribosomes Manufacturing complex proteins Proteins are the basis of living cells Communication The passing of information (directions) Storage of information Catalysts Promote reactions Building proteins

Dictyosomes Flat stacks of organelles throughout the cell Collecting, packaging and delivering centers Post Offices Primarily modify proteins for use within the cell Groups of dictyosomes form the Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Mitochondrion (singular) Releases energy from organic molecules These organelles float within the cell Congregate where energy needed

Mitochondria Inner folds Increased surface area for activity Cristae Increased surface area for activity MITOCHONDRIA https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=RrS2uROUjK4

Plastids A double membrane bound organelle Involved in the synthesis and storage of food Chloroplasts the most common platid Photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll

Plastids Chloroplast The liquid inside chloroplast Stroma Contains enzymes utilized in photosynthesis

Plastids Chloroplasts “Coins” perform photosynthesis Thylakoids A stack of thylakoids Granum

Plastids Chromoplast Fruit and flowers Involved in photosynthesis Carotenoid pigments create color Red, yellow, or orange Fruit and flowers Tomatoes, peppers

Plastids Leucoplasts are colorless plastids 2 types of leucoplasts Amyloplasts Synthesize starches Elaioplasts Synthesize oils

Microbodies Granular bodies floating in cytoplasm Peroxisomes Produce enzymes to survive heat Glyoxisomes Convert fat to carbohydrates (food)

Vacuoles Largest organelle Can be one or two in cell As much as 90% of cell Can be one or two in cell

Vacuoles Vacuoles contain cell sap Vacuoles maintain cell pressure Proteins, sugars, etc Anthocyanins Provides color Red, blue or purple flowers and some reddish foliage Vacuoles maintain cell pressure

Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton maintains cell structure Microtubules Maintain structure of cell wall Microfilaments Move material and organelles inside cell Cytoplasmic streaming

CELL https://www.youtube .com/watch?v=URUJ D5NEXC8

CELLULAR REPRODUCTION

Cell Cycle All organisms begin life as a single cell Division begins almost immediately

Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis Living cells are not dividing Four phases of cell division

Mitosis Prophase Nuclear envelope fragments Chromosomes become shorter and thicker Contain the DNA Blueprint of the organism

Mitosis Prophase Shorter and thicker chromosomes transform into pairs Chromotids Pairs held like bowties Centromeres (knot) Technically, two knots together Dense protein complexes located on outer surface of centromere Kinetochore

Mitosis Prophase Microtubules develop at opposite poles of the cell Spindle fibers Attach to centromere Nuclear envelope has been completely fragmented Absorbed by the endoplasmic reticulum

Mitosis Metaphase Pairs are lined up in the center of the cell

Mitosis Anaphase Sister chromotids separate Two knots of centromere pull apart by spindles Moving to opposite poles of the cell

Mitosis Telophase Nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes Cell plate forms between nuclei

MITOSIS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4govZdjEBrs