6: AGRO INDUSTRIES AND WATER INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT FOR FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT: THE CASE OF GHAGGAR –YAMUNA PLAIN NARENDRA KUMAR TYAGI NARENDRA KUMAR TYAGI

Major problems in Ghaggar- Yamuna Basin: Inadequate canal water supply. Excessive ground water withdrawal leading to steep fall in ground water table in freshwater zone. Low environmental flows during non monsoon period . Rise in groundwater table in poor water quality zones leading to increase in waterlogged areas and reduction in land productivity.

Proposed Concept of IWM The proposed model of IWM, revolves around enhancing water availability through : Rain water conservation within cropping areas, Increased stream-aquifer interaction Conjunctive use of waters for facilitating brackish water use generated by sub-surface drainage system Demand management by improving irrigation efficiency though production system mechanization.

IWM protocol for Ghaggar -Yamuna basin Water harvesting in rice fields Improvement in on-farm water management Reallocation of crop areas Saline water disposal through network of sub surface drainage system to Yamuna river Developed IWM protocol of Ghaggar Yamuna basin Conjunctive use of fresh and marginal quality water

Multiple benefits of rainwater harvesting in rice paddies Rainwater up to 150 mm could be stored in rice paddies without any damage to crop. Reduced irrigation requirements and increased green water availability. Increased aquifer recharge Reduced of ground water pumping cost & carbon emission. Down sizing of surface drainage network due to reduced runoff

Effective Storage Depth (cm) Impact of rainfall storage depth on irrigation water applied and crop yield (Transplanting-15 days before harvest) Particulars Effective Storage Depth (cm)   10 15 20 Irrigation applied , (cm) 80.52 74.2 73.4 Runoff, (cm) 11.8 2.2 Rainfall stored,(RS) 41.4 50.1 52.3 IR+ RS, (cm) 121.8 124.3 125.7 ET, (cm) 53.4 Deep percolation/ Recharge, (cm) 67.7 71.3 72.4 Crop yield,( t/ha) 6.37 6.84 6.71 Source: Khepar, S D (1999)

Increased Stream-Aquifer Interaction(SAI) Discretized finite difference cells for application In steady state hydraulic optimization model in LGB Bhakhra Main Branch Chandpur Bhakra Main Line Alawalwda Ghaggar River Rori Br. Ottu Feader Daryapur Fatehabad Dy. Tahana Bhana Pirthia Dy. Fatehabad Sanyana Ludesar Fatehabad Br. Adampur Punjab Rajasthan (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6) (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6) (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6) (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6) (5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6) Scale: 1 cm = 8.5 km Index State Boundary Project Boundary River Canal Major location Nodes

Optimized groundwater yield through Enhanced Stream-Aquifer Interaction (SAI) Optimized pumping rates varied from 0.25 m3s-1 to 8.48 m3s-1, the values , particularly in river cells being several times higher as compared to the existing pumping rates . The total SAI was of the order of 26.10 m3s-1 as compared to existing SAI of 16.2 m3s-1. The model generated total maximized pumping is 44.1m3s-1.The optimized pumping induced about 60 % additional flow from stream to the aquifer

SALINE WATER USE FOR INCREASING SUPPLY AND REDUCING WATER LOGGING(Sub surface drainage and conjunctive use) The marginal quality water can increase supply by 25-40 % in different parts of the plain. Quality of saline drainage effluents improves with time and can be conjunctively used for irrigation. Distribution of monsoon rainfall, seasonal root zone salinity ,variation and long term aquifer salinity balance are important considerations.

Waste WATER USE Crop Yield and Water use efficiency (WUE ) in surface Drip (SD) and subsurface drip (SSD) irrigation Crop Total applied water, (cm) Applied sewage water, Yield (t/ha) WUE, (t/ha/cm) S D SS D SD Okra 89.1 53.1 8.1 14.7 0.1 0.17 Cabbage 28.8 29.1 33.6 29.4 1.3 1.2 Source: CSSRI Report, 2007 Remarks: Dripper clogging in sewage water application

Distribution of E. coli in soil irrigated with Sewage Water through surface and subsurface drip Systems Distance from plant (cm) Depth from plant (cm) E. coli /100 gm of soil SD SSD 104 30 103 25 102 Source: CSSRI Report,2007 SSD is safer for sewage water use in vegetables

Mechanization for Improved Irrigated Farming Sustainable intensified irrigated agriculture needs rapid farm mechanization. Some progress made in adoption of zero or minimum tillage and laser land levelling. Adoption of MIS is at low level, but its market potential is very high Reallocation of water and diversified cropping is needed for out –scaling of MIS  

Potential Efficiency of Alternative Irrigation Systems 20 40 60 80 100 Modernized surface system Sprinkler system Bubbler and splitters Drip irrigation Raised bed planting Laser Levelling Zero Tillage Furrow Irrigation

Relative cost (RCT) of generating additional water through some agricultural water demand management technologies Adaptation : WRG 2030

Summary In IWM scheme ,green water availability and its utilization in rice paddies are increased. Rice paddies also function as effective ground water recharge basins. On a limited scale ,the potential SAI for augmenting water supply is indicated Horizontal subsurface drainage, together with conjunctive use of saline effluents help achieve multiple objectives- lowering of water table, generating water for irrigation, reducing root zone salinity and creating space for storing fresh water in root zone. It is however necessary to maintain balance between effluent use and its disposal for salt balance Contd….

Per unit land, water and energy ;productivity enhancement is possible only through mechanization of agriculture production system. It will create demand for more energy ,but the intensity of energy use per unit product/income generated would decrease leading to cut in CO2eemissions . Finally, based on scientific investigations, the potential of IWM as a practical tool to maintain high agricultural productivity without invoking adverse environmental impacts on sub basin scale, has to an extent, been established.

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