Big Business Chapter 14 Section 3

Corporations Corporation – an organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a single person Stockholders – the people who own the corporation Stock – shares of the company owned by stockholders Issuing stock allows a corporation to raise large amounts of money while spreading out the financial risk

Economies of Scale Economies of scale – corporations make goods more cheaply b/c they produce so much so quickly by using large manufacturing facilities All businesses have 2 kinds of costs Fixed costs – costs a company has to pay whether or not it is operating Loans, mortgages, taxes, etc. Operating costs – costs that occur when running a company Paying wages, shipping charges, buying supplies, etc Big companies have big fixed costs and low operating costs

Big company advantages Produce more goods cheaply and efficiently Continue to operate during poor economic times High fixed costs, lower operating costs Negotiate rebates from the railroads Lowers operating costs even more Able to cut prices more than small business to sell more of their product Low operating costs Discounts on shipping Small business have a hard time competing Many were forced out of business

The Steel Industry Sir Henry Bessemer From England Invented a new process for making high quality steel efficiently and cheaply Andrew Carnegie opened a steel company and adapted his mills to use the “Bessemer process” Carnegie then began the vertical integration of the steel industry

Vertical Integration A vertically integrated company owns all the different business on which it depends for its operation Prevents having to pay other companies for the coal, lime, iron needed for the steel industry Carnegie’s company just bought the coal mines, limestone quarries and the iron ore fields This saves a big company lots of money and allows it to grow even bigger!

Horizontal Integration Combining many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large corporation Big business owners like Carnegie wanted horizontal integration

Horizontal Integration When a company b/g to lose market share it would often sell out to competitors to create a larger organization By 1880 a series of buyouts had enabled Rockefeller’s Standard Oil to gain control of approx. 90% of the oil refining industry in the US Horizontal integration or a monopoly???

Monopolies Monopoly – when a single company achieves control of an entire market Monopoly critics feared monopolies They argued a monopoly could charge whatever it wanted for its products Most Americans were anti-monopoly Monopoly supporters argued that monopolies had to keep prices down b/c high prices would encourage new competitors to the market

Trust Many states made it illegal for one company to own stock in another w/o permission from the state legislature To preserve competition and to prevent horizontal integration In 1882 Standard Oil formed the first trust A new way of merging businesses that did not violate the laws against companies owning other companies A legal concept that allows one person to manage another person’s property Trustee - the person that manages the other person’s property

How a Trust Works Stockholders give their stocks to a group of trustees to manage The stockholders receive shares in the trust and get a portion of the trust’s profits Since the trustees did not own the stock and were only managing the stock they were not violating any laws This enables the trustees to control a group of companies as if they were one large merged company

A Holding Company Holding company Does not produce anything itself It owns the stock of companies that do produce goods The holding company controls all of the companies it owns Which merges them into one large enterprise