Can you questions! Biology 212

Biotechnology Explain the purpose of PCR and gel electrophoresis. Illustrate how PCR can result in the amplification of genes. Identify individuals by comparing STR patters of their DNA. Describe how transgenic animals are generated such that the gene-of-interest is only expressed in a specific cell type (mammary cells).

Cell Signaling Connect the 4 steps in cell signaling to each of the examples provided. For example, what part of the apoptosis pathway can be considered signal processing? Identify the types of receptors (cell surface and intracellular) that a cell uses to receive signals from the environment. Describe the role of cAMP in signal transduction. Are there examples of other molecules that can perform a similar role?

Cell Signaling Pt. 2 Illustrate key events in the signaling pathway for EGF and epinephrine. How is the signal transmitted in both cases? What is the final response for each pathway? What are the differences between the two pathways? Identify similarities and differences between estrogen mediated responses and glucocorticoid mediated response. Identify steps in the apoptosis pathway. Predict the effect of mutations in proteins that are part of cell signaling pathways Identify potential therapeutic strategies for compensating for overactive or underactive signaling.

Plant cell signaling Summarize the steps in the process of signal transduction in plants. Identify two pathways that are used to transduce signals inside plant cells. Identify responses that plant cells can launch after receiving signals from the outside environment. Analyze data from the experiment that led to the discovery of the mechanism of PHOT1, the phototropic protein. Analyze data from key experiments that led to the discovery of auxin as the hormone signal in the phototropic response.

Cell specialization Identify processes that are important during mammalian development. Describe the role that morphogens play during development. What are these molecules? How do they contribute to development. Identify roles of gap, pair rule and segment identity genes. Given a defect in the embryo, be able to identify which genes are mutated. Explain the mechanism underlying differential gene expression. Identify properties of stem cells. What make them different from somatic cells? Distinguish between different types of stem cells based on potency.

Cell specialization pt.2 Predict outcomes of experiments about the role of gene expression using SEV and BOSS in drosophila eye development. Illustrate the mechanism involved in BOSS-SEV signaling. Describe briefly the process of differentiation of photoreceptor cells in the drosophila eye.

Plant form Describe how plants acquire resources required for growth. Identify how structural modifications alter the function of roots, stems, leaves Describe how plants grow Describe examples of how plants detect and respond to environmental conditions Make predictions for how plants will respond to experimental manipulations that affect growth and development