History Research Report By J. Walsh

Key Standards Write a research report about important ideas or issues by framing questions, establishing a controlling idea or topic, and developing the topic with simple facts, examples, and explanations. (Writing Applications) Describe cooperation and problems between the Native Americans and the new settlers. (History/Social Science) Describe the ongoing settlement of our nation (History/Social Science)

Resources This assignment is based on pages 39 – 63 in Our Nation. Students use the Print Partners in Unit 3 to guide their research. Students take notes as they read, watch the videos, and take notes in class (provided by the teacher). After each lesson, students use their graphic organizers and notes to write a one to two page report. Basically, it is a summary of their research. Students may also use other resources, such as World Book online. A student sample report is provided at the end of the Power Point.

Lesson 1: Competition Over Resources Read pages 41 – 43 and watch the Scott Foresman video either as a class or in the computer lab. Take notes using the 4-square graphic organizer (next slide). Allow students to take their own notes, then fill in the chart as a class and add any essential information. Use the summary question on page 43 to guide research. Students use their notes to write body paragraphs.

England Netherlands France Describe each country’s early settlement and the resources that made the settlements valuable. England Spain Founded St. Augustine in 1565 Founded San Diego in 1769 Fought with American Indians over present-day New Mexico in the Pueblo Revolt Netherlands France

Fluency Students use notes to write body paragraphs

Lesson 2: Interaction and Cooperation Read pages 45 – 47. Watch the Scott Foresman video either as a class or in the computer lab and watch the Scott Foresman video either as a class or in the computer lab. Take notes using Cornell Notes (next slide). Allow students to take their own notes, then fill in the chart as a class and add any essential information. Use the summary question on page 47 to guide research.

Interaction and Cooperation Squanto taught them how to hunt, catch fish, and raise crops Squanto helped them cooperate with other groups by translating The American Indians told them which foods were safe to eat shared ideas, language, and culture How were European colonists influenced by American Indians? Europeans brought oats, wheat, and rye They also brought over cattle, sheep, and horses set up trading posts to exchange goods Europeans taught them their language How were American Indians influenced by European colonists?

Model how to put this information into paragraphs Talk about topic sentences and supporting details. Show students how to use their notes to compose a well-organized paragraph.

Sample Cooperation between American Indians and European settlers greatly influenced each other’s way of life. (This will develop into a thesis sentence for the report. Think of it as a mini-thesis for this part of the report.) Colonists were influenced by American Indians in many ways. For example, Squanto taught them how to hunt, catch fish, and raise crops. This helped them to adapt and survive in their new environment. He also helped them cooperate with other native groups….students add all of the details from their notes. In addition, American Indians were influenced by Europeans in many ways. For example, Europeans brought oats, rye, and wheat to the New World. These new crops provided many new staples for the Native Americans, and added variety to their diet. In addition,…students add more details from their notes. The cooperation between American Indians and Europeans created a new, blended culture.

Student sample (may contain errors) Cooperation between American Indians and Europeans influenced each group’s way of life. Colonists were influenced by American Indians in many ways. For example, Squanto taught them how to hunt, catch fish, and raise crops, such as corn. As a translator, he helped the colonists communicate with the other American Indian groups. He also told them which foods were safe to eat. As a result, the American Indians helped the new settlers survive. American Indians were influenced by Europeans, too. The European settlers introduced them to new animals, such as cows, horses, and sheep. Europeans also brought new grains, such as rye, wheat, and oats. They also traded furs for metal items and tools. With their two traditions and ways of life mixed together, they created a new blended culture.

Lesson 3: A Time of Conflict Follow the same procedure as the previous lessons.

English colonists fought with the Powhatan Indians Describe each conflict (who, what, where, when, why, and the outcome) The Pequot War The Powhatan Wars English colonists fought with the Powhatan Indians Fought over land in Virginia from 1610 to 1646 The colonists took most of their land The French and Indian War King Philip’s War

English colonists fought with the Powhatan Indians Describe each conflict (who, what, where, when, why, and the outcome) The Pequot War The Pequot fought with English colonists Fought over trade, land, and culture in New England Many Pequot Indians were massacred by English colonists and their American Indian allies As a result, many Pequot Indians were displaced and the colonists moved onto their land The Powhatan Wars English colonists fought with the Powhatan Indians Fought over land in Virginia from 1610 to 1646 The colonists took most of their land The French and Indian War From 1754 to 1763 France (and the Algonquin) and England (Iroquois) fought over land the Ohio River Valley France and their American Indian allies (controlled the fur trade there British settlers moved into the territory The Treaty of Paris gave Britain control of Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River The American Indians did not receive anything for their help – the British still took all of the land! King Philip’s War Metacom and other American Indians fought back against English colonists New England, 1675 – 1676 Caused a lot of destruction on both sides Colonists defeated Metacom and his allies and moved onto their land

Student sample (may contain errors) During the 1600s and 1700s, cooperation turned to conflict. During this time period, the American Indians and the colonists fought over land. For example, in 1610 the Powhatan War began in Virginia. The English settlers fought with the Powhatan Indians and eventually took their land. In 1637, New Englanders massacred the Pequot Indians and took their land. In addition, King Philip’s War began in 1675. English colonists fought against Metacom and his American Indian allies. This war also took place in New England and the result was the same: the colonists won the war and moved onto the American Indians’ land. The French and Indian War was another major conflict over land. It began in 1754 and ended in 1763. The French and their Algonquin allies fought against the English and their Iroquois allies over the land in the Ohio River Valley. The war ended when they signed the Treaty of Paris, which gave Britain control of Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River. The American Indians did not receive anything for their help – the British still took all of the land! Note: This is just a quick sample. You might want your students to write a paragraph on each conflict.

Lesson 4: How were American Indians forced off their land? 1830s – the U.S. government started forcing all American Indians from their land, and forced them to move to “Indian Territory” in Oaklahoma. There were many deaths due to bad weather and disease Trail of Tears In 1864, hundreds of Cheyenne Indians were massacred by a group led by Major John Chivington in Sand Creek, Colorado. These killings were especially unnecessary, since the Cheyenne had already agreed to go peacefully to their reservation. Sand Creek Massacre The last armed American Indian resistance to U.S. rule was called the Wounded Knee Massacre in South Dakota. In 1890, the fighting between the Lakota and the U.S. government ceased when the Lakota surrendered and decided to return to their reservation. However, the U.S. soldiers still opened fire on them, massacring hundreds of Lakota. Wounded Knee Massacre

Sample Besides violent wars, the American Indians were also forced from their land by unfair treaties. They were unfair because the American Indians did not understand what they were signing. In 1820, the Treaty of Doak’s Stand forced the Choctaw off their land and made them assimilate….add details from Cornell notes.

Student sample (may contain errors) In the 1830s, the U.S. government started forcing all American Indians from their land and into “Indian Territory” in Oklahoma. There were many deaths due to bad weather and disease. As a result, this is known as the Trail of Tears. In 1864, hundreds of Cheyenne Indians were massacred by a group led by Major John Chivington in Sand Creek, Colorado. These killings were especially unnecessary since the Cheyenne had already agreed to go peacefully to their reservation. This was known as the Sand Creek Massacre. The last armed American Indian resistance to U.S. rule was called the Wounded Knee Massacre in South Dakota. In 1890, the fighting between the Lakota and the U.S. government ceased when the Lakota surrendered and decided to return to their reservation. However, the U.S. soldiers still opened fire on them, massacring hundreds of Lakota. As you can see, the American Indians were treated unfairly during this time.

Lesson 5: Describe each conflict Iroquois and Huron Ojibwa and Lakota Lakota and other groups of the Great Plains

Lesson 5: Describe each conflict The arrival of Europeans also caused conflicts between existing Native American groups. Beaver Wars – fought over land containing beavers Wanted to control the fur trade The Iroquois signed a peace treaty with the French in 1701 Iroquois and Huron The Iroquois pushed other American Indian groups off their land, farther west The Ojibwa moved onto the land of the Lakota in the Great Lakes, causing a rivalry between the two groups The Ojibwa had guns, which helped them to force the Lakota to move to the Great Plains Ojibwa and Lakota When the Lakota moved west, they came into conflict with other groups who already lived there. Since they had traded furs for horses and weapons, they were able to prevail over other Great Plains groups. This went on for many years, until settlers began moving onto their land in the 1800s. Lakota and other groups of the Great Plains

Student sample (may contain errors) Furthermore, there were many conflicts between Native Americans. Some occurred before Europeans came, but most occurred after. When the Europeans came, they pushed the Native Americans farther and farther west. The Native American pushed other American Indians off their land, and as you can see, it is kind of like a chain.

Student sample (may contain errors) The arrival of Europeans also created rivalries between Native American groups. When the Europeans came, they pushed the Native Americans farther and farther west. The American Indians fought over animal skin, and land. They traded the fur for weapons, such as guns, and jewelry. The guns the got gave them many advantages. The Native American pushed other American Indians off of THEIR land, and as you can see, it is kind of like a chain. When the Iroquois were forced off their land by Europeans, they moved into the Huron’s land. They fought over land with the most beaver. Those wars were called the Beaver Wars. The Iroquois won because they had guns. The Iroquois fought against the French for land too. The Iroquois signed the peace treaty in 1701. Things weren’t too good for the Lakota either. A rivalry began when the Ojibwa moved into the Lakota’s land. They fought over the land, but in the end, the Ojibwa won because they had guns. The Lakota moved onto the Great Plains in the late 1700s. As a result, they fought with the tribes that were already there. They pushed groups off their land along the Missouri River. But they also traded goods. They traded for horses and weapons. The tribes competed until the 1800s, when settlers began claiming this land.

Add the introduction and the conclusion Put the paragraphs in order

Sample Introduction During the Age of Exploration, people exchanged goods and ideas, but also fought for land. The American Indians and the English settlers taught each other new things, but they also fought over many things. They were worried that other settlers would try to take their land. Conflicts also occurred because Europeans were claiming lands that American Indians had already claimed. In the end, American Indians either moved somewhere else, or they became victims of brutal battles. Cooperation and conflict between American Indians and Europeans greatly influenced each group’s way of life, and shaped the on-going settlement of our nation.

Writing the Concluding Paragraph In a research report, the concluding paragraph sums up the main ideas. Restate the thesis – the main idea- in the first sentence. In conclusion, there was a great deal of cooperation and conflict between the Native Americas and the new settlers.

The next few sentences expand on the first. The arrival of European colonists in America completely changed the American Indians’ way of life and shaped a new way of life for European settlers. These changes were both positive and negative. When the two groups cooperated, they shared things such as food, animals, language, and culture. When they fought, the results were often deadly.

Answer the question, “So what?” Over the years, the settlers continued to move onto the American Indians’ land, forcing them to move farther and farther west. Many years have past since all this happened. Today, many Native American tribes have managed to preserve their heritage, which has become part of a uniquely blended American culture.

Put it all together In conclusion, the arrival of European colonists in America completely changed the American Indians’ way of life and shaped a new way of life for European settlers. These changes were both positive and negative. When the two groups cooperated, they shared things such as food, animals, language, and culture. When they fought, the results were often deadly. Over the years, the settlers continued to move onto the American Indians’ land, forcing them to move farther and farther west. Many years have past since all this happened. Today, many Native American tribes have managed to preserve their heritage, which has become part of a uniquely blended American culture.

Conclusion - Sample starters All in all, the interaction between American Indians and European colonists was both positive and negative. In conclusion, the American Indians and the European settlers changed each other’s way of life. In the end, both groups claimed victories as well as losses, which shaped the on-going settlement of our nation.

Last Thing! You must give credit to the sources you used. This is called a Works Cited page.

Works Cited American Indian Conflicts. Pearson Education, 2006. DVD. Broken Treaties. Pearson Education, 2006. DVD. Conflict for a Continent. Pearson Education, 2006. DVD. Cooperation in North America. Pearson Education, 2006. DVD. Fight for Land. Pearson Education, 2006. DVD. White, William E. Our Nation. Glenview: Pearson Education, 2006.

We will not include lesson 6 in our research report this year, but it is optional for extra credit.

Lesson 6: Leading the Fight Describe the actions of each leader and the effect it had on the relations between the American Indians and the settlers. Chief Logan Chief Tecumseh Chief John Ross Lord Dunmore President Andrew Jackson John Marshall

Topic sentence - student sample Many important leaders on both sides argued over land when the Europeans came to America.

Many important leaders on both sides struggled for land when the Europeans came to America. Many brave chiefs went to the U.S. government and pleaded them to give their land back. Some people agreed with them, but President Andrew Jackson would not stop the Indian Removal Act, which was passed in 1830. In 1774, Chief Logan wrote “Logan’s Lament,” a statement on the relationship He wanted to make a peace agreement. He also wanted to end hostility. He helped the settlers, but they killed his family. His plea for help won the respect of many people, including Thomas Jefferson. Chief Tecumseh was also one of those great chiefs. He rebelled against settlers in the Battle of Tippecanoe. He and his allies opposed westward expansion by the U.S. Unfortunately, he lost. Tecumseh was very food at creating alliances with other tribes. His defeat put an end to this. Sequoya made a huge difference. He developed the Cherokee alphabet. The alphabet was used to educate Cherokee Indians. It helped pass down and preserve Cherokee culture.

President Andrew Jackson was one of the people who started all these problems. He passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. This forced all the tribes east of the Mississippi River to go on the journey west, known as the Trail of Tears. It permanently moved them onto less desirable land, disrupting their lives and political and social organizations. Chief John Ross was the chief of the Cherokee during the Trail of Tears. He was elected chief in 1828. He asked the U.S. Supreme Court to stop the state of Georgia from taking Cherokee lands. The Supreme Court ruled in his favor, but the president refused. In the end, the Cherokee were forced to move west in the Trail of Tears.

Now, you are ready to put all of the pieces together! Step 1: Organize all of your summaries from lesson one to lesson 5 and READ THEM ALL! Step 2: Write an introductory paragraph (your very first paragraph in your report) Step 3: Write a concluding paragraph (your very last paragraph in your report.) Step 4: Start typing, starting with your introduction. Step 5: End your report with your concluding paragraph. Step 6: REVISE your report, making sure you include topic sentences and transitions. Step 7: EDIT your report Step 8: PUPLISH your report – add a title, heading, and a Works Cited (use the format on pages 338-340, Write Source)

Cooperation and Conflict in America STUDENT SAMPLE Cooperation and Conflict in America During the Age of Exploration, people fought for land. They were worried that other settlers would try to take their land. Countries such as Spain worried that the English or French would move onto their land. They wanted to claim land near water so transportation would be easier. They also fought for goods and riches like gold, food, water, and different kinds of metal. Conflicts also occurred because Europeans were claiming lands that American Indians had already claimed. In the end, American Indians either moved somewhere else, or they became victims of brutal battles. Cooperation and conflict between American Indians and Europeans greatly influenced each group’s way of life, and shaped the settlement of our nation. First of all, colonists were influenced by American Indians. For example, Squanto taught colonists how to hunt, catch fish, and grow crops. Colonists also learned how to grow tobacco and store food for long periods of time. But the colonists weren’t the only people that learned new things. The colonists introduced the American Indians to oats, rye and wheat. They also brought cattle, sheep, and horses. With their two traditions and ways of life mixed together, they created a new mixed culture.

When Europeans moved into American Indians’ lands, some of the conflicts became wars. The Powhatan war started in 1610 when the Powhatan realized that the English wanted their land. Both sides fought fiercely, but in the end, the colonist won and moved into the Powhatan land. There was another war that started in 1637 called the Pequot war. It was fought in New England by the English colonists and the Pequot. Unfortunately, the colonists won and took over the Pequot’s land. In the beginning, the colonists and their Native American allies set fire to a Pequot village, killing hundreds of people. One reason this war broke out was because the English had a problem with the American Indian’s culture. About 40 years later, ANOTHER war broke out. It was called the King Philip’s war. It started in 1675 and it lasted for one whole year. The colonists and the American Indians fought for land in New England. The English won again, and they took all the land. In 1754, the French and English war started. It was fought by the French and the Britain. It lasted for 9 whole years. In 1760, the Britain won the war, In 1763, the Treaty of Paris ended the war. It also gave Britain Canada, and the French land east of the Mississippi River. The Britain and the French fought over Ohio River Valley for the whole nine years.

In 1830, the U. S. government forced American Indians off their land In 1830, the U.S. government forced American Indians off their land. This lead to many conflicts, which soon became battles. The U.S. government forced them to sign unfair treaties, which the later broke. They were unfair because the American Indians did not understand the treaties. For example, in 1820, the Choctaw signed the Treaty of Doak’s Stand, which gave the U.S. government a big part of their land. It also forced them to assimilate. When the American Indians tried to fight back, the settlers massacred them. Many of the American Indians were forced to move west. It was called the Trail of Tears because many people died as a result of bad weather and disease. Cherokee and many other groups endured the journey. The journey ended in present day Oklahoma. Soon after, the settlers started to move west. In 1864, a group of settlers led my Major John Chivington massacred the Cheyenne, even though the Cheyenne agreed to return peacefully to their reservation. This occurred at Sand Creek, Colorado. In 1890, hundreds of Lakota stopped fighting and returned to their land. Despite surrendering, they were massacred by U.S. soldiers. This massacre occurred at Wounded Knee, Dakota. This massacre was the last armed American Indian resistance to the U.S. rule.

There were many conflicts between Native Americans There were many conflicts between Native Americans. Some occurred before Europeans came, but most occurred after. When the Europeans came, they pushed the Native Americans farther and farther west. The American Indians fought over animal skin, and land. They traded the fur for weapons, such as guns, and jewelry. The guns the got gave them many advantages. The Native American pushed other American Indians off of THEIR land, and as you can see, it is kind of like a chain. When the Iroquois were forced off their land by Europeans, they moved into the Herons’ land. They fought over land with the most beaver. Those wars were called the Beaver Wars. The Iroquois won because they had guns. The Iroquois fought against the French for land too. The Iroquois signed the peace treaty in 1701. Things weren’t too good for the Lakota either. A rivalry began when the Ojibwa moved into the Lakota’s land. They fought over the land, but in the end, the Ojibwa won because they had guns. The Lakota moved onto the Great Plains in the late 1700s. When the Lakota moved onto the Great Plains in the late 1700s, they fought with the tribes that were already there. They pushed groups off their land along the Missouri River. But they also traded goods. They traded for horses and weapons. The tribes competed until the 1800s.

Many important leaders on both sides struggled for land when the Europeans came to America. Many brave chiefs went to the U.S. government and pleaded them to give their land back. Some people agreed with them, but President Andrew Jackson would not stop the Indian Removal Act, which was passed in 1830. In 1774, Chief Logan wrote “Logan’s Lament,” a statement on the relationship He wanted to make a peace agreement. He also wanted to end hostility. He helped the settlers, but they killed his family. His plea for help won the respect of many people, including Thomas Jefferson. Chief Tecumseh was also one of those great chiefs. He rebelled against settlers in the Battle of Tippecanoe. He and his allies opposed westward expansion by the U.S. Unfortunately, he lost. Tecumseh was very food at creating alliances with other tribes. His defeat put an end to this. Sequoya made a huge difference. He developed the Cherokee alphabet. The alphabet was used to educate Cherokee Indians. It helped pass down and preserve Cherokee culture.

President Andrew Jackson was one of the people who started all these problems. He passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. This forced all the tribes east of the Mississippi River to go on the journey west, known as the Trail of Tears. It permanently moved them onto less desirable land, disrupting their lives and political and social organizations. Chief John Ross was the chief of the Cherokee during the Trail of Tears. He was elected chief in 1828. He asked the U.S. Supreme Court to stop the state of Georgia from taking Cherokee lands. The Supreme Court ruled in his favor, but the president refused. In the end, the Cherokee were forced to move west in the Trail of Tears. In conclusion, the arrival of European colonists in America completely changed the American Indians’ way of life and shaped a new way of life for European settlers. These changes were both positive and negative. When the two groups cooperated, they shared things such as food, animals, language, and culture. When they fought, the results were often deadly. Over the years, the settlers continued to move onto the American Indians’ land, forcing them to move farther and farther west. Many years have past since all this happened. Today, many Native American tribes have managed to preserve their heritage, which has become part of a uniquely blended American culture.

Reminders Have students use MLA format (parenthetical notation and bibliography) for all sources used beyond Scott Foresman. Use Write Source to show students how to set up their papers (headings, titles, spacing, etc.) You can try this with any unit in the Scott Foresman textbook. I haven’t, but I’m sure it would work!