BIO 233 TEXT BOOK: BIOLOGY- CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS: WITHOUT PHYSIOLOGY BY STARR, EVERS AND STARR 8TH EDITION-2011 26-1-2014

LOCATION : Building 6- Room 163 CLASS TIME : UT 10:00 – 10:50 am LOCATION : Building 6- Room 163 26-1-2014

CHAPTER 1 INVITATION TO BIOLOGY INTRODUCTION 26-1-2014

Introduction In July 2007, Freeman Dyson a well known Physicist , wrote in The New York Review of books “It has become part of the accepted wisdom to say that the twentieth century was the century of physics and the twenty-first century will be the century of biology”. "I predict that the domestication of biotechnology will dominate our lives during the next fifty years at least as much as the domestication of computers has dominated our lives during the previous fifty years." 26-1-2014

Nowadays we understand lots of things in a way that were inconceivable 50 years ago. When I took this course 30 years ago, we did not know 50% of what we know now. I am mentioning this to you simply because the field of biology is changing enormously in the last 4 decades. 26-1-2014

DIFINETION OF BIOLOGY: Biology is the study of living things and their vital processes. 26-1-2014

1.1 The Secret Life of Earth New species are discovered all the time. How do we know what species a particular organism belong to? What is a species, anyway, and why should discovering a new one matter to anyone other than scientist? You will find the answers to these questions in this course and this book. 26-1-2014

We routinely discovered hundreds of species every year, but about 20 species extinct every minute in rain forests alone. The current rate of extinctions is about 1,000 times faster than normal. Human activities are responsible for the acceleration of the extinction. 26-1-2014

A jungle hawk-owl as an example on species resident in Indonesia forests 26-1-2014

Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts 1.2 The Science of Nature Biologists study life by thinking about it at different levels of organization. Life is More Than the Sum of Its Parts Living things are too diverse, and they consist of the same basic components as nonliving things. When we try to define life, we end up only identifying the properties that differentiate living from non living things. See Figure 1.2 in the next slide. 26-1-2014

Diversity of molecules 26-1-2014

A Pattern in Life’s Organization Atoms : are fundamental building blocks of all substances, living and non-living. Molecules : units in which atoms are joined together ,such as carbohydrates, proteins , lipids and nucleic acids. Organelle : is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function Cell – life starts here: is the smallest unit of life that can survive and reproduce on its own. Tissues: an aggregation of similarly specialized cells which together perform certain special functions. Organs: is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. Organ System : is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. 26-1-2014

Biosphere : the most inclusive level – encompasses all regions Multicelled Organism : an individual form of life, such as a plant, animal, bacterium, protist, or fungus. Population: is a group of individuals of the same type of organisms, or species, in a specified area. Community : consist of all populations of all species in a specified area. Ecosystem : community interacting with its physical and chemical environment. Biosphere : the most inclusive level – encompasses all regions of Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere in which organisms live. 26-1-2014

1.3 How Living Things Are Alike Continual inputs of energy and the cycling of materials maintain life’s complex organization. Organisms sense and respond to change. All organisms use information in the DNA they inherited from parents to function and reproduce. Energy is the capacity to do work. Nutrients: is a substances that an organism needs for growth and survival but cannot make it for itself. 26-1-2014

Producers: they get energy and simple raw materials from environmental sources and make their own food (photosynthesis by plants as an example). Consumers: cannot make their own food, they get energy and nutrients indirectly-by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms. 26-1-2014

Organisms Sense and Respond to change An organism cannot survive for very long in changing environment unless it adapts to the changes. Thus, every living things has the ability to sense and respond to conditions both inside and outside of itself. Example is the sugar level in your blood. Homeostasis : set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges. 26-1-2014

Example on how organisms sense and respond to stimulation 26-1-2014

Organisms Use DNA DNA : the basis of inheritance. DNA holds information for building proteins from smaller molecules, the amino acids. DNA guides the ongoing metabolic activities that sustain the individual through its lifetime, such activities include growth: increase in cell number, size and volume. Development: the process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult. 26-1-2014

Reproduction: processes by which parents produce offspring. Inheritance : refers to the transmission of DNA from parents to offspring. 26-1-2014