Bell Ringer Friday January 6, 2017 Based on the part of the lab that we did yesterday, name a producer, consumer and decomposer from the card sort.

Food Chains, Food Webs, and the Transfer of Energy

Living Things Living things are also called organisms. Biology is the study of organisms, their environments and how they interact with each other and their surroundings. copyright cmassengale

Habitats A habitat is where an organism lives. An organism’s niche is the role it plays in the environment. (producer, consumer, decomposer) All habitats contain both biotic and abiotic factors Biotic factors- parts of an environment that are living (plants, animals, bacteria, etc…) These also include the remains of dead organisms as well as the wastes of the organisms. (bones, feces, teeth, etc …) Abiotic factors- parts of an environment that are not living, were never alive nor were ever part of a living thing (air, rocks, temperature, oxygen levels, etc…)

What Are the Main Characteristics of Organisms? Made of cells Require energy (food) Reproduction (species) Maintain homeostasis Organization Respond to environment Grow and develop EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases) copyright cmassengale

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Nonliving Levels: Atom (element) Molecule (compounds like carbohydrates & proteins) Organelles (nucleus, ER, Golgi …) copyright cmassengale

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels: Cells (makes up ALL organisms) Tissues (cells working together) Organs (heart, brain, stomach …) Organ systems (respiratory, circulatory …) Organism (human) copyright cmassengale

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Living Levels continued: Population (one species in an area) Community (several populations in an area) Ecosystem (forest, prairie …) Biome (Tundra, Tropical Rain forest…) Biosphere (all living and nonliving things on Earth) copyright cmassengale

Autotrophs A groups of organisms that can use the energy in sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into Glucose (food) Autotrophs are also called Producers because they produce all of the food that heterotrophs use Without autotrophs, there would be no life on this planet Ex. Plants and Algae

Autotrophs

Autotrophs Chemotrophs Autotrophs that get their energy from inorganic substances, such as salt Live deep down in the ocean where there is no sunlight Ex. Bacteria and Deep Sea Worms

Heterotrophs Organisms that do not make their own food Another term for Heterotroph is consumer because they consume other organisms in order to live Ex. Rabbits, Deer, Mushrooms

Heterotrophs

Heterotrophs Consumers 1. Scavengers/Detritivores – feed on the tissue of dead organisms (both plans and animals) Ex. – Vultures, Crows, and Shrimp

Heterotrophs Consumers 2. Herbivores – eat ONLY plants Ex. – Cows, Elephants, Giraffes

Heterotrophs Consumers 3. Carnivores – eat ONLY meat Ex. – Lions, Tigers, Sharks

Heterotrophs Consumers 4. Omnivores – eat BOTH plants and animals Ex. – Bears and Humans

Heterotrophs Consumers 5. Decomposers – absorb any dead material and break it down into simple nutrients or fertilizers Ex. – Bacteria and Mushrooms

Transfer of Energy When a zebra eats the grass, it does not obtain all of the energy the grass has (much of it is not eaten) When a lion eats a zebra, it does not get all of the energy from the zebra (much of it is lost as heat)

Transfer of Energy The two (2) previous examples of energy transfer show that no organism EVER receives all of the energy from the organism they just ate Only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next – this is called the 10% law

Trophic Levels Energy moves from one organisms to another when it is eaten Each step in this transfer of energy is know as a trophic level The main trophic levels are producers, consumers, and decomposers

Food Chains The energy flow from one trophic level to the other is know as a food chain A food chain is simple and direct It involves one organism at each trophic level Primary Consumers – eat autotrophs (producers) Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers Tertiary Consumers – eat the secondary consumers Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment

Food Chain

Food Web Most organisms eat more the JUST one organism When more organism are involved it is know as a FOOD WEB Food webs are more complex and involve lots of organisms

Food Web

Food Web Notice that the direction the arrow points  the arrow points in the direction of the energy transfer, NOT “what ate what”

Food Web

Monday January 9, 2017 Bell Ringer Describe and sketch what you think happens in the water cycle.

Biomass The total mass of the organic matter at each trophic level is called biomass Biomass is just another term for potential energy – energy that is to be eaten and used. The transfer of energy from one level to another is very inefficient (10% Law)

Biomass

Ecological Pyramid An ecological pyramid shows the relationship between consumers and producers at different trophic levels in an ecosystem Shows the relative amounts of energy or matter contained at each trophic level The Pyramid shows which level has the most energy and the highest number of organisms

Ecological Pyramid

Ecological Pyramid

Ecological Pyramid Which level has the most energy? Which level has the most organisms? Which level has the least organisms? Which level has the least energy?

Symbiosis A close and permanent association between organisms of different species Commensalism – a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected Example: Barnacles on a whale Mutualism – a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other Example: Birds eating pest off a rhino’s back Parasitism – A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed Example: Ticks on a dog

Predator/Prey Relationships Predators are animals that hunt and kill other animals for food. Prey are the animals that are hunted by the predators. Example: In the African savannas, lions and wildebeest inhabit the same area. The lions are the predators and the wildebeest are the prey.

Ecological Succession A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones 1. Primary Succession – occurs in an area where there is no existing communities and for some reason (s) a new community of organisms move into the area

Ecological Succession A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones 2. Secondary Succession – occurs in an area where an existing community is partially damaged

Ecological Succession A change in the community in which new populations of organisms gradually replace existing ones 3. Climax Community – a community that is stable and has a great diversity of organisms

Biogeochemical Cycles

Biogeochemical Cycles describe the flow of essential elements from the environment through living organisms and back into the environment.

Hydrological Cycle

Hydrological Cycle (water cycle) 1. Reservoir – oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind and precipitation (rain) move water from oceans to land 2. Assimilation – plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other organisms which are composed mostly of water 3. Release – plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes

Hydrological Cycle 1. Reservoir – oceans, air (as water vapor), groundwater, lakes and glaciers; evaporation, wind and precipitation (rain) move water from oceans to land. 2. Assimilation – plants absorb water from the ground, animals drink water or eat other organisms which are composed mostly of water. 3. Release – plants transpire, animals breathe and expel liquid wastes.

Carbon Cycle

Carbon Cycle (carbon is required for building organic compounds) 1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as CO2), fossil fuels (oil, coal), durable organic materials (for example: cellulose). 2. Assimilation – plants use CO2 in photosynthesis; animals consume plants. 3. Release – plants and animals release CO2 through respiration and decomposition; CO2 is released as wood and fossil fuels are burned.

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle (Nitrogen is required for the manufacture of amino acids and nucleic acids) 1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as N2); soil (as NH4+ or ammonium, NH3 or ammonia, N02- or nitrite, N03- or nitrate

Nitrogen Cycle 2. Assimilation – plants absorb nitrogen as either NH4+ or as N03-, animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other animals. The stages in the assimilation of nitrogen are as follows: Nitrogen Fixation: N2 to NH4+ by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (prokaryotes in the soil and root nodules), N2 to N03- by lightning and UV radiation. Nitrification: NH4+ to N02- and N02- to N03- by various nitrifying bacteria.

Nitrogen Cycle 3. Release – Denitrifying bacteria convert N03- back to N2 (denitrification); detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back to NH4+ (ammonification); animals excrete NH4+ (or NH3) urea, or uric acid.

Nitrogen Cycle 1. Reservoir – atmosphere (as N2); soil (as NH4+ or ammonium, NH3 or ammonia, N02- or nitrite, N03- or nitrate 2. Assimilation – plants absorb nitrogen as either NH4+ or as N03-, animals obtain nitrogen by eating plants and other animals. 3. Release – Denitrifying bacteria convert N03- back to N2; detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back to NH4+ ; animals excrete NH4+, urea, or uric acid.

Phosphorus Cycle

Phosphorus Cycle (Phosphorus is required for the manufacture of ATP and all nucleic acids) 1. Reservoir – erosion transfers phosphorus to water and soil; sediments and rocks that accumulate on ocean floors return to the surface as a result of uplifting by geological processes 2. Assimilation – plants absorb inorganic PO43- (phosphate) from soils; animals obtain organic phosphorus when they plants and other animals 3. Release – plants and animals release phosphorus when they decompose; animals excrete phosphorus in their waste products

Phosphorus Cycle Reservoir – erosion transfers phosphorus to water and soil; sediments and rocks that accumulate on ocean floors return to the surface as a result of uplifting by geological processes Assimilation – plants absorb inorganic PO43- (phosphate) from soils; animals obtain organic phosphorus when they plants and other animals Release – plants and animals release phosphorus when they decompose; animals excrete phosphorus in their waste products

Other Minerals Biogeochemical cycles of other minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, are similar to the phosphorus cycle.