PERSONALITY

“Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual REACTS; DEFINITION “Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual REACTS; and INTERACTS with others.” Combines of a set of physical and mental characteristics that reflect how a person looks, thinks, acts and feels. Predictable relationships are expected between people’s personalities and their behaviors.

Type theory Physical structure Psychological factors- Introverts & Extroverts

Physical structure This theory is based on body shape relating to personalitySheidon Ectomorph (tall, slim figure): Self-conscious; tense; private; introverted Endomorph (short, rounded figure): tolerant; sociable; relaxed Mesomorph (muscular, athletic figure): extroverted, risk taker, assertive 16.01.2010/ Reshmi Pillai/OB

Psychoanalytic Theory Structure of the personality comprising of the id, ego, superego. Personality dynamics in which conscious and unconscious motivation and ego-defense mechanisms play an important role. Theory of psychosexual development in which different motives and bodily regions influence the child at different stages of growth.

Psychoanalytic Theory….. Id Functions on ‘pleasure principle’ Immediate gratification of needs to reduce tension & discomfort regardless of consequences Ego Functions on ‘reality principle’ Serves to balance the demands the Id and the Superego Assesses what is realistically possible in satisfying the Id and/or Superego (i.e., what society will deem acceptable) Superego Functions on ‘idealistic principle’ Our moral guide/conscience Influenced by internalizing our parents’ values & the voice of society Works against the Id by inflicting guilt ID: I WANT IT AND I WANT IT NOW!!!! SUPEREGO: The restraint. Two components – both our conscience as well as our ideal of who we ideally want to be.

Trait Theories According to this theory, personality is made up of a number of broad traits. A trait is basically a relatively stable characteristic that causes an individual to behave in certain ways Some of the best known trait theories are as follows,

Personality Traits Models Model 1 - MBTI Model 2 - Big Five

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Type of Social Interaction Extrovert (E) Introvert (I) Preference for Collecting ,(Gathering) Data Sensing (S) Intuitive (N) Preference for Decision Making ,Evaluation Feeling (F) Thinking (T) Perceptive (P) Style of Decision Making - Prefer order & relationship with outer world Judgmental (J)

E I Extraversion Introversion Interest Orientation Talkative, Sociable, Friendly, Outspoken Shy, Reserved, Quite, Reflects person’s Comfort level with relationships

Non systematically -subjective Collecting Information Sensing Intuition Perception N Organised, Practical, Focus Detail. Systematically Less Regular, Unconscious, Focus Big Picture Non systematically -subjective

T F Thinking Feeling Judgment Reliability of logical order – cause and effect, Objectively weigh Priorities based on personal importance and values, Sympathy

J P Judgment Perception Environment Orientation Judging attitude Decision making– Control of events and systematic planning Spontaneity – Curious, awaiting events and adapting to them, Flexible

“Take Your Time and Do It Right” ISFJ “On My Honor, to Do My Duty…” ISTJ “Take Your Time and Do It Right” ISFJ “On My Honor, to Do My Duty…” INFJ “Catalyst for Positive Change” INTJ “Competence + Independence = Perfection” ISTP “Doing the Best I Can With What I’ve Got” ISFP “It’s the Thought That Counts” INFP “Still Waters Run Deep” INTP “Ingenious Problem Solvers” ESTP “Let’s Get Busy!” ESFP “Don’t Worry, Be Happy” ENFP “Anything’s Possible” ENTP “Life’s Entrepreneurs” ESTJ “Taking Care of Business” ESFJ “What Can I Do For You?” ENFJ “The Public Relations Specialist” ENTJ “Everything’s Fine – I’m in Charge”

Big Five Model 1 3 2 5 4 Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Emotional stability Openness to Experience

Openness to Experience Extraversion The Big Five Personality Model Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional Stability Openness to Experience

Extraversion Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive

Agreeableness Trusting, good natured, cooperative, soft hearted Refers to Persons ability to get along with others High- trusting others Low- more on their own needs

Conscientiousness Dependable, responsible, achievement oriented, persistent Refers to the number of goals that a person focuses on. High- few goals at a time , Careful,systematic, self disciplined, achievement oriented Low- higher number of goals at a time- careless irresponsible less self disciplined

Openness to experience Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad minded ----Addresses ones range of interests ---Extremely open-innovation-willingness to listen to new and change ---Low- less receptive to new and less willingness to change, Less curious and creative

Emotional stability Relaxed, secure, unworried Focuses on an individuals ability to cope with stress ---+ve- tends to be calm, enthusiastic _ve -tends to be nervous, depressed and insecure

Humanist Theories Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the development of personality. Humanist theorists emphasized the concept of self-actualization, which is an innate need for personal growth that motivates behavior. Humanist theorists include Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB As per 11th Edition

Proactive Personality Locus of Control Self-Esteem Other Key Personality Attributes Machiavellian Personality Self Monitoring Risk Propensity Type A Personality Proactive Personality

Locus of Control Internal locus of control: belief that one controls key events and consequences in one’s life. External locus of control: One’s life outcomes attributed to environmental factors such as luck or fate.

Relationship Between LOC & some other factors Job Satisfaction LOC Absenteeism Turnover

Depends on their luck or chance FACTORS INTERNALS EXTERNALS Job Satisfaction Satisfied More dissatisfied Absenteeism Less absenteeism Depends on their luck or chance Turnover No clear relationship As per 11th Edition

-----To manipulate people Machiavellianism -----To manipulate people HIGH MACS are: Maintains emotional distance power tactics Manipulate more Win more Persuaded less Persuade others more As 11th per Edition

Self Esteem The degree to which a person likes or dislikes himself It is directly related to expectations for success 2 TYPES: High Self Esteem They believe that they possess the ability they need to succeed at work Will take more risks in job selection And more likely to choose unconventional jobs than people with low self esteem They will not be susceptible to the external influences They are more satisfied with their job Low Self Esteem: They seek appreciation from others Seek approval from others and try to conform to the beliefs and behaviors of those they respect They try to please others and therefore they would not take unpopular stands than high Self Esteemed employees

Self-Monitoring Ability to adjust one’s behavior to external situational factors Capable of presenting striking contradictions between their public persona & private self Tend to pay closer behavior of others & more capable of conforming than low self monitoring Capable of putting different “faces” for different audiences

Willingness To Take Risk Quick Decision making Specific to jobs (stocks) (accounts)

Type A Personality(negative) Type B Personality (positive) Of the A personality type, these are the folks that are always in a hurry, impatient to see results and come across as aggressive in their interpersonal relationships .Type A’s are very competitive and show it at work in their levels of tension and agitation. They always move,talk and eat.Impatience,can not cope with leisure. Type B Personality (positive) Of the B personality type, the Type B’s live in the moment and don’t mind waiting for just the right time to take action. They are friendly types who believe that the world is both good and bad, but that there are more good people than bad in it. They tend to be their own biggest competitors, thinking “I can do better than this”. . Being intuitive, spontaneous and patient, they are open to criticism, and when angry they tend to use humor.