Chapter 8 Female Reproductive System adnexa uteri amnion Areola Bartholin glands Cervix chorion corpus luteum cul‑de‑sac Embryo endometrium Estrogen fallopian tube Fertilization fetus Fimbriae follicle‑stimulating hormone (FSH) Gamete genitalia gestation Journal question: What are the combining forms that are used with the female reproductive system? Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Chapter Goals Name and locate female reproductive organs and learn their combining forms. Explain how these organs and their hormones function in the processes of menstruation and pregnancy. Identify abnormal conditions of the female reproductive system and of the newborn.

Chapter Goals (cont’d) Describe important laboratory tests and clinical procedures used in gynecology and obstetrics, and recognize related abbreviations. Understand medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

Introduction Sexual Reproduction This is the union of the nuclei of ovum and sperm cell. Ovum and sperm cells are called gametes. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.

Introduction (cont’d) Gametes (ovum and sperm cell) Gametes are produced in the gonads. Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are the testes.

Introduction (cont’d) Fertilization An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels through the fallopian tube. Fertilization takes place if sperm cells. are present and unite with the ovum. Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).

Organs of the Female Reproductive System Organs of the female reproductive system, lateral view.

QUICK QUIZ: Fertilized egg implants, then divides to form a ball of cells, called a… embryo fetus follicle zygote Correct answer is D: zygote

QUICK QUIZ: Fertilized egg implants, then divides to form a ball of cells, called a… embryo fetus follicle zygote Correct answer is D: zygote

Organs of the Female Reproduction System (cont’d) Organs of the female reproductive system anterior view Refer to p. 254 in text

Organs of the Female Reproductive System (cont’d) ● The Breast sagittal view What is the role of sinuses in the breast? Name the parts of the breast nipple. Which hormones stimulate lactation?

Menstruation and Pregnancy MENSTRUAL CYCLE Day 1-5 Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular secretions discharge from the body. Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium. The ovum grows in the follicle. Day 13-14 Egg leaves the ovary and passes through the fallopian tube. Day 15-28 Corpus luteum secretes progesterone; uterus lining builds up. Describe the menstrual cycle. What is the first menstrual cycle called? (menarche)

Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d) MENSTRUAL CYCLE Does lack of fertilization cause low or high levels of progesterone and estrogen? At what stage is the egg most likely to be fertilized?

Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d) If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterine endometrium. Placenta forms within the uterine wall. Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity. Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange between fetus and mother. Placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). What is the placenta derived from? What are the chorion and the amnion? What is amniotic fluid?

Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d) A, Implantation in the uterus B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta

QUICK QUIZ: Corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up the lining of the uterus….. A. adreniline B. estrogen C. progesterone D. hCG Correct answer is C: progesterone

QUICK QUIZ: Corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up the lining of the uterus….. A. adreniline B. estrogen C. progesterone D. hCG Correct answer is C: progesterone

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 3. During Pregnancy what does the placenta secrete? adreniline hCG progesterone estrogen Correct answer is B: hGC, human chorionic gonadotropin

QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 3. During Pregnancy what does the placenta secrete? adreniline hCG progesterone estrogen Correct answer is B: hGC, human chorionic gonadotropin

Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d) Progesterone maintains placenta development. Uterus expands as fetus grows. Normal delivery fetal position is cephalic presentation (head first). Which hormone does the placenta produce? What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood) How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d) Three Phases of Labor Dilation of the cervix Birth of the infant Delivery of the placenta Which hormone does the placenta produce? What does a pregnancy test look for? (urine vs. blood) How long does it take the fetus to reach the epigastric region?

Menstruation and Pregnancy (cont’d) A, Cephalic presentation. B, Delivery of the placenta.

Hormonal Interactions Pituitary secretes: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Pituitary stops producing FSH and LH During pregnancy With oral contraceptives What is negative feedback? How do oral contraceptives work?

Hormonal Interactions (cont’d) Menopause Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle Normally begins between 45 and 55 Falling estrogen levels Option for estrogen replacement therapy (careful consideration of risks required) How does the IUD function to prevent pregnancy? How does the diaphragm work to prevent pregnancy? What are the risks of either method?

QUICK QUIZ: 4. Which term refers to the inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus? A. endometrium B. fallopian tube C. chorion D. amnion Correct answer is A: endometrium

QUICK QUIZ: 4. Which term refers to the inner, mucous membrane lining of the uterus? A. endometrium B. fallopian tube C. chorion D. amnion Correct answer is A: endometrium

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes amni/o amnion cervic/o cervix, neck chori/o chorion chorion/o chorion colp/o vagina Combining Form Meaning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) culd/o cul-de-sac episi/o vulva galact/o milk gynec/o woman, female hyster/o uterus, womb Combining Form Meaning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) lact/o milk mamm/o breast mast/o breast men/o menses, menstruation metr/o uterus Combining Form Meaning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) my/o muscle myom/o muscle tumor nat/i birth obstetr/o midwife o/o egg Combining Form Meaning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) oophor/o ovary ov/o egg ovari/o ovary ovul/o egg perine/o perineum Combining Form Meaning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) phor/o to bear salping/o fallopian tubes uter/o uterus vagin/o vagina vulv/o vulva Combining Form Meaning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) -arche beginning -cyesis pregnancy -gravida pregnancy -parous to bear, bring forth Suffix Meaning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) -rrhea discharge -salpinx uterine tube -tocia labor, birth -version act of turning Suffix Meaning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) dys- painful endo- within in- in intra- within multi- many Suffix Meaning

Terminology: Combining Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes (cont’d) nulli- no, not, none pre- before primi- first retro- backward Suffix Meaning

QUICK QUIZ: 5. Which term means removal of the breast? A. hysterectomy B. mastectomy C. mastitis D. mammoplasty Correct answer is B: mastectomy. Mammoplasty means surgical repair of the breast, while mastitis means inflammation of the breast and hysterectomy means removal of the uterus.

QUICK QUIZ: 5. Which term means removal of the breast? A. hysterectomy B. mastectomy C. mastitis D. mammoplasty Correct answer is B: mastectomy. Mammoplasty means surgical repair of the breast, while mastitis means inflammation of the breast and hysterectomy means removal of the uterus.

Pathology: Uterus Carcinoma of the cervix Cervicitis Malignant cells within the cervix Cervicitis Inflammation of the cervix Carcinoma of the endometrium Malignant tumor of the uterus Endometriosis Endometrial tissue located outside the uterus Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix.

Pathology: Uterus (cont’d) Fibroids Benign tumors of the uterus Figure shows location of uterine fibroids. Name the risk factors for carcinoma of the cervix. What is conization? How is conization used to diagnose and treat CIS?

Pathology: Gynecological and Breast Carcinoma of the breast Fibrocystic disease What is the most common type of breast cancer?

Pathology: Gynecological and Breast (cont’d) Ovaries Ovarian carcinoma Malignant tumor of the ovary Ovarian cysts Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary Fallopian Tubes Pelvic inflammatory disease Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis

Pathology: Breast Carcinoma of the breast Image A shows (arrows) mammogram of invasive carcinoma of the breast. Image B is a cut section of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast.

Chapter 8 Lesson 8.3 Abruptio placentae Choriocarcinoma Ectopic pregnancy Placenta previa Preeclampsia Amniocentesis phor/o py/o salping/o arche -cele gravida Journal question: Why would uterine artery embolization be used to treat fibroids?

Chapter Goals Identify abnormal conditions of the female reproductive system and of the newborn child. Explain important laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations related to gynecology and obstetrics. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports or records.

Pathology: Pregnancy Abruptio placentae Choriocarcinoma Premature separation of the implanted placenta Choriocarcinoma Malignant tumor of the placenta Ectopic pregnancy Misplaced implantation of egg Placenta previa Preeclampsia What is an ectopic pregnancy? Which term describes the emergence of the placenta before the baby?

Pathology: Neonatal Down syndrome Erythroblastosis fetalis Hyaline membrane disease Hydrocephalus Meconium aspiration syndrome Pyloric stenosis

Pathology: Neonatal (cont’d) APGAR SCORING CHART Assessment of newborn Scoring 1 to 5 mins after birth

Clinical Tests and Procedures Pap test (Pap smear) Pregnancy test Procedures X-rays Ultrasound Gynecological procedures Procedures during pregnancy For what tests is a speculum used? What types of x-rays are used to examine the reproductive organs? What is the purpose of hysterosalpingography (HSG)?

Clinical Procedures (cont’d) Gynecological procedures Laparoscopic oophorectomy A, Ovary placed in plastic bag. B, Extracted through the laparoscope

Clinical Tests and Procedures Procedures during pregnancy Amniocentesis Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.

Review Sheet (cont’d) amni/o amnion cephal/o head COMBINING FORMS amni/o amnion cephal/o head cervic/o cervix, neck chori/o, chorion/o chorion colp/o vagina Combining Form Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) culd/o cul-de-sac episi/o vulva galact/o milk COMBINING FORMS culd/o cul-de-sac episi/o vulva galact/o milk gynec/o woman, female hyster/o uterus, womb Combining Form Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) lact/o milk mamm/o breast mast/o breast COMBINING FORMS lact/o milk mamm/o breast mast/o breast men/o menses, menstruation metr/o uterus Combining Form Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) my/o muscle myom/o muscle tumor nat/i birth COMBINING FORMS my/o muscle myom/o muscle tumor nat/i birth obstetr/o midwife olig/o scanty o/o egg Combining Form Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) oophor/o ovary ov/o egg ovari/o ovary ovul/o egg COMBINING FORMS oophor/o ovary ov/o egg ovari/o ovary ovul/o egg perine/o perineum Combining Form Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) phor/o to bear py/o pus COMBINING FORMS phor/o to bear py/o pus salping/o fallopian tubes uter/o uterus vagin/o vagina vulv/o vulva Combining Form Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) -arche beginning -cele hernia -cyesis pregnancy SUFFIXES -arche beginning -cele hernia -cyesis pregnancy -ectasis stretching, dilation -ectomy removal, excision Suffix Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) -flexion flexible -genesis producing; forming SUFFIXES -flexion flexible -genesis producing; forming -gravida pregnancy -itis inflammation -pareunia sexual intercourse -parous to bear, bring forth Suffix Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) -plasia development, formation SUFFIXES -plasia development, formation -plasty surgical repair -ptosis dropping, sagging -rrhagia bursting forth (blood) -rrhaphy suture Suffix Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) -rrhea discharge -salpinx uterine tube SUFFIXES -rrhea discharge -salpinx uterine tube -scopy visual examination -stenosis tightening -stomy new opening Suffix Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) -tocia labor, birth -tomy process of cutting SUFFIXES -tocia labor, birth -tomy process of cutting -tresia opening -version act of turning Suffix Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) bi- two dys- painful endo- within in- in PREFIXES bi- two dys- painful endo- within in- in intra- within multi- many Prefix Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) nulli- no, not, none oxy- swift, sharp PREFIXES nulli- no, not, none oxy- swift, sharp peri- surrounding pre- before Prefix Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) primi- first pseudo- false retro- backward PREFIXES primi- first pseudo- false retro- backward uni- one Prefix Meaning