REFERENCING & CITATION Harvard Style Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

What is Referencing & Citation During the course of writing an essay, report, or other written assignments, one must support arguments or ideas by referring to or citing information produced by other authors. These references may be from work presented in journals or newspaper articles Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

cont government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations or theses material from the Internet/online sources etc. When you cite someone’s work in the text of your own work eg. Essay or report, you also need to create a full reference for it at the end of your work. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Why Citations & Referencing? Reasons for referencing are: To provide evidence of the research and background reading that has been done and to support content and conclusions in your work/text. To acknowledge the concepts and ideas of other authors. To enable those who read your work to locate the cited references easily. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

cont Each citation requires a reference at the end of the work; this gives the full details of the source item and should enable it to be traced. Remember to note bibliographic details of all the documents you read. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Academic Honesty & Plagiarism Failure to reference appropriately results in plagiarism or academic dishonesty. Plagiarism is the act of using somebody else’s work or ideas as your own. This constitutes as academic theft and is a serious matter which results in penalties or a fail for an assignment. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Examples of plagiarism are: Paraphrasing of another person’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation without a reference. Quotation of phrases from another person’s work without acknowledging the source. Plagiarised work may belong to another student or be from a published source such as a book, report, journal or material available on the internet. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Harvard Style of Referencing & Citation All statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writer's work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

In-text Referencing When you have used someone else’s ideas in the text of your written work, you must cite the source. In the Harvard System, any in-text reference should include the authorship/author’s surname and year of publication. For eg. Mati (2014) or (Mati, 2014) Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

DIRECT AND INDIRECT IN-TEXT REFERENCING/CITATION When making reference to an author’s work in your written work, write the author’s name followed by the year of publication of their work and page number. Example Mati (2015, p 5) in a recent research stated that in establishing language hubs at all FNU campuses, the university is trying to help improve students’ language skills. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Cont. INDIRECT If you reference a work without mentioning the author’s name then the author’s surname, publication year and page number are placed in brackets in the relevant place in the sentence/paragraph. Example The establishment of language hubs at all campuses across FNU is a bid by the university to help improve students’ language skills (Mati, 2015, p 5)… Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Examples of In-text Referencing According to Aziz (2013, p. 14) … There is a view/theory/argument that… (Namarta, 2009, p. 146)… One view, expressed by Singh (2012, p. 427) is that… It has been suggested/stated/argued/proposed by Vuatalevu (1993 p. 45) … A similar view is supported by Narayan (2012, p. 21)… Mati (2003) accepts/supports/agrees with/concurs with this view… This is in contrast to/ is not accepted by/has been challenged by Bhindi (2015)… Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

No Date If there is no date or year of publication, the abbreviation n.d. is used to denote this: Eg. Aziz (n.d.) has written and demonstrated that …… Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

“Direct quotation” in the text When quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as acknowledging the author's name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets. Example The Vice Chancellor of FNU, Professor Nigel Healey (2016), in his weekly newsletter stated that “The safety and welfare of our staff and students is the University's primary concern…” (p1). Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Short quotations Short quotations of up to 2 lines can be included in the body of the text:- Example Mati (2015) states that “The availability of a Language hub at FNU is…” (p.10). Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Long quotations Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Example The Fiji National University Acadmic and Student Regulation (2013) in discussing special examinations states that: “…if a student is permitted to sit for a special examination, the Examination Board shall decide on the dates of the examination. When a candidate sits for a special examination under these provisions, he/she cannot be subsequently considered for an aegrotat or compassionate pass for that unit in that term. Where a candidate sits for a special examination under these provisions, the candidate shall pay an appropriate examination fee per examination before the examination can be arranged.” (p. 44). Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

COMPILING THE REFERENCE LIST OR A BIBLIOGRAPHY All Items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format, ie. whether books, websites or journal articles etc. The terms reference list and bibliography are sometimes used interchangeably but are not the same thing. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Reference vs. Bibliography Reference List Is a list of all the sources that the student/researcher has actually cited in the assignment/written work. Bibliography Is a list of sources that a student/researcher has used to help them prepare for the assignment but which are not cited in the assignment, eg. general background reading to familiarise yourself with the topic. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

When compiling a reference list Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined. The examples given are in italics. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

cont References generally should include the following elements and punctuation and be in the following order. Author, Initials of first name., Year. Title of text. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Example A book by a single author: Bhindi, H. 2012. Communication Skills for students in Northern Fiji: a study on FNU Labasa campus. 6th ed. Chester: Pearson. A book by two, three or four authors: Mati, M. Singh, J. Singh, K. & Aziz, S. 2014. An analysis of Communication skills and techniques used by students at the Fiji National University. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Books with more than four authors For books where there are more than four authors, use the first author only with surname and initials followed by et al. Example Bharos , S. et al., 2014. Essential Communication Skills for Hotel and Catering Students in Fiji. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Edited books For books which are edited give the editor(s) surname(s) and initials, followed by ed. or eds. Example Narayan, R. ed., 1988. Natural communication skills for students in Western Fiji. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Journal Articles For journal articles the required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers. Example Aziz, S. 2015. Common communication practices at the Fiji National University Samabula Campus. The Communication Experts, 13(1), 43-5. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Newspaper Articles For newspaper articles the required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page number and column line. Example Namarta, N., 2013. Why effective communication skills can help our aviation students become better engineers. The Nadi Daily, 3 Sep. p. 4b. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Websites For websites found on the world wide web the required elements for a reference are: Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document or web page. [type of medium] (date of update if available) Available at: include web address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) [Accessed date]. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Example Anglia Ruskin University, 2015. University Library Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing. [pdf] (Updated January 2015) Available at: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Ha rvard_referencing_2015.pdf [Accessed 20 July 2015]. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

CONCLUSION Referencing is an essential part of written assignments in any university around the world and not referencing equates to academic theft or plagiarism! All students must reference their written work/assignments and the Harvard style can be used for this purpose. Ensure that your written work has in-text references/citations and a Reference list/bibliography. Thank you and have a great day . Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018

Reference Anglia Ruskin University, 2015. University Library Guide to the Harvard Style of Referencing. [pdf] (Updated January 2015) Available at: http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/files/Harvard _referencing_2015.pdf [Accessed 20 July 2015]. Prepared by Alani V Qeranatabua, Dept. of Communication, SCLL, FNU 2 May 2018