Nationalism and Decolonization

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Nationalism and Decolonization Since 1945

Nationalism and Decolonization WWII ends in 1945 VE- May VJ- August Total war drained the resources of the European powers Atlantic Charter of 1941 US & Great Britain Recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they lived FDR & Soviets condemned colonization

Independence in the South and SE Asia National Indian Congress Offered support to the Allies in exchange for independence Rejected Quiet Indian Movement Mass civil disobedience movement to end British rule in India British responded with mass arrests & repression Gandhi, Nehru, and other Congress politicians were imprisoned Independence is granted August 15th 1947 Split into India and Pakistan

Muslim League Issues in India Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah Rallied British support in WWII in exchange for a separate Muslim nation on the Indian sub-continent Pakistan Issues in India Hindu-Muslim & Hindu-Sikh communal rioting turned into bloodbaths Gandhi shot & killed Burma (Myanmar) & Sri Lanks (Ceylon) gain independence Ghana, Nigeria, and other African colonies struggle for independence Philippines & Indonesia gain independence in SE Asia

The Liberation of Non-settler Africa Africa was impacted by WWII Two main paths to decolonization in the postwar era Radical Kwame Nkrumah Convention Peoples Party (CPP) Organized strikes, boycotts, rallies, etc… Ghana gains independence from the British in 1957

Peaceful France Belgium Portugal Negotiations for independence led by Leopold Sedar Senghor (Senegal) Felix Houphouet-Boigny (Ivory Coast) Retained European economic and cultural ties Belgium Retreat from Congo Portugal Retains colonies

Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies Kenya (British) Jomo Kenyatta Promoted peaceful independence Lead Kenya African Party (KAU) Land Freedom Army Radical Used terror and guerilla warfare Arrest Kenyatta Gain independence in 1963 Kenyatta becomes president

Algeria (French) Civil War National Liberation Front (FLN) Led by Arabs & Berbers Violent Secret Army Organization (OAS) Algerian settlers Favored France Against Arabs & Berbers Wins independence in 1962 FLN wins a political victory

Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa Angola & Mozambique Revolution Independence 1975 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) Independence by 1980 South Africa Only white minority to maintain its position of supremacy Afrikaners White supremacist attitude In control after Boer War Afrikaner National Party apartheid

Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestine Question Most Arab nations are independent by the 1960’s Most governments not strong until the 70’s Palestine Zionist movement gained sympathy due to the Holocaust Muslim Revolt (1936-1939) British placed restrictions on the entry of Jews due to Arab resistance

The UN partitions Palestine into Arab and Jewish countries The two sides engage in warfare Zionists have better arms and defend themselves and expanded into Arab territory. The hostilities still remain today Palestinian Liberation Organization-PLO- fights for Palestinian independence Arab nations often go to war with Israel Six Days War (1967), Yom Kippur War (1973)