The Spread of Protestantism What led to the formation of different Protestant churches? Chapter Intro 4

The BIG Idea Ideas, Beliefs, and Values Different forms of Protestantism emerged in Europe as the Reformation spread, and the Catholic Church underwent a religious rebirth. Section 4-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary predestination annul Section 4-Key Terms

People and Places Ulrich Zwingli Zürich John Calvin Geneva King Henry VIII Ignatius of Loyola Trent Section 4-Key Terms

Divisions in Protestantism By the mid-sixteenth century, Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most important and dynamic form of Protestantism. Section 4

Divisions in Protestantism (cont.) In Zürich, Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli was an influential priest in reforming the Catholic Church. Relics & images were abolished; paintings and décor removed from churches. Allied with Martin Luther but was killed in battle between Protestants and Catholics. John Calvin was a Frenchman whose conversion to Protestantism forced him to flee to Switzerland. Published the book Institutes of the Christian Religion – summary of Protestant thought Calvin believed in an all-powerful God and the idea of predestination as well as justification by faith alone in terms of salvation. Section 4

Divisions in Protestantism (cont.) Calvin’s ideas led to the rise of Calvinism which soon became more popular than Lutheranism. Calvin worked to reform the city of Geneva, Switzerland. Geneva soon became the center of Protestant reform in Europe, and its missionaries were sent all over to convert the local populations. Consistory – special court to enforce moral discipline – punishment for those that deviated from the teachings of the church Section 4

Reformation in England For political, not religious, reasons, Henry VIII established the Church of England. Section 4

Reformation in England (cont.) King Henry VIII of England established the Church of England when the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon because she could not give him a son. The Act of Supremacy of 1534 declared the king of England the official head of religious doctrine, with control over discipline, clerical appointments, and breaking ties with the pope. Henry’s Church of England was very similar to Catholicism, although after his death English officials attempted to make it more “Protestant”. Section 4

Reformation in England (cont.) In 1553, Henry’s daughter, Mary, came to power and attempted to restore Roman Catholicism. Her efforts, including the burning of more than 300 Protestants, earned her the nickname of “Bloody Mary.” Section 4

Anabaptists For believing in the complete separation of church and state, Anabaptists were viewed as dangerous radicals. Section 4

Anabaptists (cont.) Anabaptists were Protestant reformers who did not want to give power to the state governments Anabaptists believed: Religion should be voluntary; baptism occurred as an adult. All believers were equal; any member could become a minister (not women) Separation of state and church; refused to bear arms or serve in military positions Section 4

Anabaptists (cont.) The religious and political beliefs of the Anabaptists seemed radical, and they were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants. Section 4

Reformation and Society Although the family became the center of life during the Reformation, the lives of most women and Jews did not improve. Section 4

Reformation and Society (cont.) With the rise of Protestantism came the end of celibacy for Church leaders. Women were subservient, and their roles were obedience to their husband and to bear children. Protestants expected Jews to convert to Lutheranism. When they refused, Protestants such as Martin Luther wrote that Jewish synagogues and homes should be destroyed. Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican Beliefs Section 4

Catholic Reformation Perceiving a need for a change, Pope Paul III steered the Catholic Church toward a reformation in the 1500s. Section 4

Catholic Reformation (cont.) The Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation was a Catholic Reformation. A Spanish nobleman named Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits, a group who swore allegiance to the pope. (Society of Jesus) Jesuit missionaries were influential in spreading Catholicism in Germany and the rest of the world. Section 4

Catholic Reformation (cont.) Pope Paul II led a reformation of the papacy, ending corruption either real or perceived. The pope, archbishops, bishops, and other theologians met irregularly at the Council of Trent to discuss Church matters and establish Catholic doctrine. Opposed Protestant beliefs Faith and good works for salvation 7 sacraments Pergatory and indulgences ok but no selling of indulgences Section 4

Section 4-End

THE RENAISSANCE in Italy and Northern Europe Milan, Venice, and Florence became centers of Renaissance learning and culture. Machiavelli’s views on gaining and holding power influenced political leaders. Humanist education focused on liberal studies. Artists sought to portray the world realistically. VS 1

THE REFORMATION Begins Erasmus and other Christian humanists paved the way for the Protestant Reformation. Catholic teaching stressed faith and good works, but Luther believed that faith alone was sufficient for salvation. The Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars and allowed German states to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism. VS 2

THE REFORMATION Spreads Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most important form of Protestantism. Henry VIII established the Church of England for political rather than religious reasons. Anabaptists believed in the total separation of church and state. Pope Paul III took steps to reform the Catholic Church. VS 3

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urban society a system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and social life Vocab1

secular worldly Vocab2

mercenary a soldier who sells his services to the highest bidder Vocab3

dowry a gift of money or property paid at the time of marriage, either by the bride’s parents to her husband or, in Islamic societies, by a husband to his wife Vocab4

instability not steady; wavering Vocab5

decline a change to a lower state or level Vocab6

humanism an intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history Vocab7

vernacular the language of everyday speech in a particular region Vocab8

fresco a painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints Vocab9

attain to gain or achieve Vocab10

style having a distinctive quality or form Vocab11

Christian humanism a movement that developed in northern Europe during the Renaissance, combining classical learning (humanism) with the goal of reforming the Catholic Church Vocab12

salvation the state of being saved (that is, going to heaven) through faith alone or through faith and good works Vocab13

indulgence a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death Vocab14

Lutheranism the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith Vocab15

precise exact or sharply defined Vocab16

ignorant unaware; lacking knowledge of Vocab17

predestination the belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate) Vocab18

annul declare invalid Vocab19

published printed for distribution Vocab20

justification the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God Vocab21

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