Dr. Ceresa Dr. Fonio Comune di Milano State of the art: from the theoretical aspects, to indicators and tools for preventing risk. A literature presentation. Dr. Ceresa Dr. Fonio Comune di Milano

Outline Theoretical approaches: radicalization theories, environmental criminology and situational crime prevention Relevant Indicators (main focus: terrorism) Critical Aspects Open Questions Discussion

Radicalization (Neumann 2007; 2009) There is no uniform usage of the term radicalization. Shared definition: the processes (three main steps: “radicalism”, “extremism” and in rare cases “terrorism”) whereby individuals or groups come to approve of and ultimately participate in the use of violence.

Drivers of radicalization Type of factor Drivers of radicalization Divisions Lack of integration, ghettoisation, polarization, internal community divides, identity crisis, isolation, weak community leadership Grievances Under-employed, poor education, discrimination, foreign policy and international conflicts/disputes Narratives Political movements, ideologies, faith Means Social/family/criminal networks, vulnerable/risky institutions and places, vulnerable individuals

Slippery slope into ethnic profiling (Open Society 2010) Critical Aspect Slippery slope into ethnic profiling (Open Society 2010)

Potential Indicators lack of integration polarization high rate of under-employment low level of education spatial proximity with criminal networks radical mosques prisons gateway organizations (organizations that can facilitate the path into violent extremism, immigration associations, social clubs, political movements, youth gangs) the Internet

Environmental Criminology (Newman O. 1972; Brantigham P. L Environmental Criminology (Newman O. 1972; Brantigham P.L. & Brantigham P.J. 1981-1984/ 1993-1994) Theoretical source: “Environmental Design” and “Defensible Space” Key-points: how crime happens in specific locations and time (motivation and routine activity) Focus Terrorism “anonymity factor” and “facilitator-context” (spatial perspective) Critical aspect: no consideration of individual motivation/s in committing crime

Situational Crime Prevention (Clarke R. V. 1980/97- Clarke R. V Situational Crime Prevention (Clarke R.V. 1980/97- Clarke R.V., Newman G. R. 2006) Theoretical source: focus on the crime “setting” Key-points: “attractiveness of crime”, “crime- opportunity factors” and “broken window theory” (repetitive crime) Focus Terrorism long-term “prevention-activity approach (flexible to the changeability of the context/potential targets/victims) Critical aspect: addressed to specific forms of crime and no consideration of subjective motivation/s

Potential Indicators Urban structure and plan Suburban areas/abandoned areas/ mono-ethnic areas Ghetto/s (i.e. council houses) Religious centres (churches, mosques, etc.) Aggregation centres (young, ethnic, etc.) Critical Infrastructures (buildings, transportation/communication systems, energy resources)

Comparative Approach Radicalization E.C. / S.C.P. lack of integration polarization high rate of under-employment low level of education spatial proximity with criminal networks radical mosques Prisons gateway organizations the Internet Urban structure and plan Suburban areas/abandoned areas/ mono-ethnic area Ghetto/s Religious centres Aggregation centres Critical Infrastructures

Key points: vulnerable places (recruitment grounds) & people Places where people are more receptive to extremist message but also, if we consider the focus of our research, places which are more vulnerable to violent attacks / target Mapping social, economic, political and criminological indicators

Discussion Maps & Aims Information gathering Data collection Areas of interest (urban/regional/national) Data matching (police, judicial crime rates etc.) Specific indicators (terrorism, critical infrastructures, big events) Urban security policies and/or strategies