Cell Energy Molecules Chapter 5

What you need to know! How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP How linear electron flow in the light reactions results in the formation of ATP, NADPH, and O2 How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions

Energy Transfer Molecules ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate Molecule that delivers immediately available energy to run cellular processes (active transport, movement, mitosis, production of proteins etc.) All other food/energy molecules (various lipids, carbs, proteins) are converted into ATP through enzyme machinery in cells/liver All energy consuming processes have an ATPase (enzyme) attached

Energy Transfer Molecules ATP is a nucleic acid, a single nucleotide

Energy Transfer Molecules ATP has energy stored between its three negatively charged phosphates because like charges repel each other Most energy is stored between 2nd and 3rd phosphate 3 different forms of energy levels: AMP: monophosphate ADP: diphosphate ATP: triphosphate

Forming ATP for Energy Supply Rx: ADP + P + energy  ATP Enzyme: ATP synthase Energy necessary comes from photosynthesis or respiration

Breaking Down ATP for Energy Release Rx: ATP  ADP + P + energy Enzyme: ATPase often attached as a coenzyme to various other enzymes/proteins

ATP Resembles a Rechargeable Battery Endlessly recyclable Limited numbers of ATP/ADP can stop energy pathways Largest amount of ATP is made in mitochondria/chloroplasts some in cytoplasm (glycolysis) All energy molecules can be expressed in ATP (glucose: 36 ATP, sucrose: 75 ATP, triglyceride: 180 ATP; assuming O2 is present)

Energy Availability Molecule availability storage ATP immediately none glucose 1-2 min Blood glucose only glycogen 2-3 min Liver, muscles triglycerides 8-10 min Adipose tissue

NADP/NAD/FAD Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) NADP Functions as electron acceptor/donor during photosynthesis and respiration NAD & FAD work the same way A nucleic acid: dinucleotide Rx: Store Energy NADP + e- + H+  NADPH Rx: Release Energy NADPH  NADP + e- + H+

Sample Questions Which one of the following is true about the ATP molecule? It contains two phosphate groups. Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose It contains a nitrogenous base molecule called adenine None of the choices are correct ATP can be used as the cell’s energy currency because Cellular functions can be fueled by coupling them with the formation of ATP from ADP. ATP is the most energy-rich small molecule in the cell. Cellular functions can be fueled by coupling them with the breakdown of ATP to ADP. All of the above are true. None of the choices are correct.

Putting it all together http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ