Where are migrants distributed? Key Issues Where are migrants distributed? Where do people migrate within a country? Why do people migrate? Why do migrants face obstacles? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Key issue 1: where are migrants distributed?

A permanent move to a new location constitutes migration. Emigration is migration from a location. Immigration is migration to a location. Difference between the number of immigrants and number emigrants is a place’s net migration. immigrants minus emigrants = net migration Positive number = more immigration Negative number = more emigration The flow of migration always involves two-way connections. If number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, then a positive net migration exists. If number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, then a negative net migration exists. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migrationof Migration In the 1800s, geographer E.G. Ravenstein wrote a series of “laws” for the distance that migrants typically move 1. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. 2. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity. 3. Each migration flow produces a counter-flow. 4. Young males are the most likely to migrate. 5. A large city has greater ‘pull’ than a small one, and cities tend to pull people that live closer to them (gravity model) 19th Century geographer E. G. Ravenstein wrote a series of “laws” about the tendencies of migrants. At the time, the word, law, was known to mean theory.

Migration can be divided into two categories. Distance of Migration Migration can be divided into two categories. International Migration - permanent move from one country to another Voluntary – economic or quality of life improvements Involuntary (forced) – political or environmental factors Internal Migration - permanent move within the same country Interregional – from one region to another Intraregional – within a region, such as cities to suburbs International Migration- Voluntary international migration could be motivated by perceived economic or quality of life improvement. Forced international migration is motivated by political or environmental factors. Internal Migration- Interregional – movement from one region to another. i.e. rural to urban. Intraregional- movement within a region. i.e. central city to a newer suburban center. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Voluntary migrations may be: Transnational – live and work in more than one country (example – seasonal migrant farmers) Step – occurs in stages; farm to village and then to city Internal – within a country Chain – to be with family or others of your same ethnicity who have already moved to the new location Rural to urban – perhaps to find work

Internal and International Migration FIGURE 3.4 INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION Mexico has international migration into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States. Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

International Migration Patterns Approximately 9% of the world’s people are international migrants. Global pattern reflects migration tendencies from developing countries to developed countries. Regions with Net Out-Migration Asia, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa Regions with Net In-Migration North America, Europe, and Oceania

Global Migration Patterns FIGURE 3-6 GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration between regions of the world. Countries with net in-migration are in red, and those with net outmigration are in blue. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

U.S. Immigration Patterns U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million - growing by 1 million annually. Three main eras of immigration in the U.S. Colonial settlement in 17th and 18th centuries (Europe and sub-Saharan Africa) Mass European immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (first from northern and western Europe, later from southern and eastern Europe) Asian and Latin American immigration in the late 20th and early 21st centuries First era was marked by immigration from Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. Most from Africa were forced to migrate as slaves. In the beginning of the second era, most migrants came from northern and western Europe. By the turn of the 20th Century, most migrants came from southern and eastern Europe. Third era marked a shift in the sending continents. Asia and Latin America were primary places of migrant origins. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-7 IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES Europeans comprised more than 90 percent of immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century. Since the 1980s, Latin American and Asia have been the dominant sources of immigrants. FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants. Europeans comprised more than 90 percent of immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century. Since the 1980s, Latin American and Asia have been the dominant sources of immigrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where did our immigrants come from? 1840s – 1850s – Ireland and Germany (potato famine, political unrest) Not as many immigrants during U.S. Civil War 1870s – Ireland and Germany 1880s – Scandinavia – Industrial Revolution triggered a rapid population increase in Scandinavia 1905 – 1914 – Southern and Eastern Europe – diffusion of Industrial Revolution to this area led to population growth

1930s and 1940s – sharp drop in immigration due to Depression and WWII Quota laws changed in the 1960s which allowed more immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere More than ¾ of recent immigrants have come from Asia: China, Philippines, India, Vietnam Latin America © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Mexico passed Germany in 2006 as the country that has sent the most immigrants to the United States Unofficially, Mexico probably became the leader back in the 1980s (illegal immigrants) The reason for immigration remains the same: rapid population growth has limited prospects for economic advancement at home (when countries are in Stage 2 of DTM)

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Key issue 2: where do people migrate within a country?

Migration between Regions in Large Countries World’s five largest countries in land area are Russia, Canada, China, the U.S., and Brazil. 1. Russia: Interregional migration was encouraged eastward and northward by the government’s decision to locate new factories and to offer economic incentives away from existing population concentrations. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-11 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: RUSSIA Russia’s population is clustered in the west of the country, nearest to Europe. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migration between Regions in Large Countries 2. Canada: Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants. 3. China: Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing is prevalent. 4. Brazil: Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-17 INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION: CHINA Migrants are heading eastward towards the major cities. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where Do People Migrate within a Country? 5. United States – Historically - enticement of abundant available land on the American Frontier. Westward expansion contributed to a shift in the center of population. “Center of population gravity” Presently - most jobs, especially in services, are clustered in urban areas. (rural to urban movement) Also net in-migration to West and South Center of population gravity refers to the country’s center of population, as calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau. Conceptually, if the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the pin. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-9 CHANGING CENTER OF U. S FIGURE 3-9 CHANGING CENTER OF U.S. POPULATION The population center is the average location of everyone in the country, the “center of population gravity.” If the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Average annual migration (in thousands) in 1995 and 2010 FIGURE 3-10 RECENT INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES Figures show average annual migration (in thousands) in 1995 (top) and 2010 (bottom). © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intraregional Migration Since the Industrial Revolution began in Europe in the 19th century, there has been a global trend for individuals to migrate from rural to urban areas Percentage of urbanized population in U.S. 1800: 5 percent 1920: 50 percent 2010: 80 percent Motivated by economic advancement Rural push factors include declining opportunities in agriculture. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intraregional Migration More recently, most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs. Motivated not by economic advancement but by a desired lifestyle Additional privacy associated with single-family detached houses Garages and driveways offer parking at no additional fee Often superior suburban schools © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intraregional Migration in U.S. cities FIGURE 3-22 INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION: UNITED STATES This figure shows migration between cities, suburbs, and nonmetropolitan areas in 2010. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intraregional Migration Developed countries experienced a new migration trend during the late 20th century when rural areas were characterized by net in-migration. Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counterurbanization. Places with attractive physical features draw people to live a more rural lifestyle Rocky Mountain States (Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming) Growing populations in suburbia contributed to counterurbanization, but many people migrated from cities to rural places. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Key issue 3: why do people migrate?

People decide to migrate because of a combination of two factors. Why Do People Migrate? People decide to migrate because of a combination of two factors. Push factors induce people to move out of their present location. Pull factors induce people to move into a new location. Three major types of push and pull factors Political Environmental Economic – this is the main reason people move (one of Ravenstein’s laws) Ravenstein’s laws help geographers make generalizations about where and how far people move. Most people migrate for economic reasons. Political and environmental also induce migration but less often. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reasons for Migrating Political factors can be especially strong push factors, forcing people to migrate from a country. United Nations High Commissions for Refugees recognizes three groups of forced political migrants. A refugee has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reasons for Migrating An internally displaced person (IDP) is similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border. An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee. Migrants from Iraq and Afghanistan made up the largest group of migrants until the most recent influx of Syrian refugees to Europe. Largest number of refugees in 2010 was forced to migrate from Afghanistan and Iraq because of war. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-25 POLITICAL FACTORS: REFUGEES AND IDPS The largest numbers of refugees originated in Southwest Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reasons for Migrating Environmental factors can prompt migration from hazardous environments or pull migrants to attractive regions. Environmental Pull Factors Mountains Seasides Warm Climates Environmental Push Factors Water: most common environmental threat Flood Drought Hundreds of thousands have been forced to move from the Sahel region of northern Africa because of drought conditions. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Most people migrate for economic reasons. Reasons for Migrating Most people migrate for economic reasons. Push factor: migrate away from places with few jobs Pull factor: migrate to places where jobs seem to be available U.S. and Canada have been prominent destinations for economic migrants. Historically individuals migrated from Europe. More recently Latin America and Asia are primary senders. Migration rates have decreased since the 2008 recession hit. Relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change. Migration rates have decreased since the onset of the 2008 recession in the U.S.

Remittances One economic reason why people migrate is to be able to send money back to their family and friends in their home country Money is called a remittance This forms an important part of the economy of many poorer countries

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Key issue 4: why do migrants face obstacles?

Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Intervening obstacles, which hinder migration, can be categorized into two types. Environmental Feature Mountain, ocean, or distance In the past, environmental features were a major hindrance Political Feature Countries require proper documentation from immigrants Today, political features are more hindering than environmental features Before the advancements in transportation, environmental features were more hindering than political features. More recently, political features are now more hindering. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Controlling Migration Countries have adopted selective immigration policies. Preference is given to specific employment placement and family reunification Passing of the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924 by the U.S. Congress marked the end of unrestricted immigration to the U.S. The global quota was set to 700,000 in 1990. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Controlling Migration More seek admission to the U.S. than is permitted by the quotas, thus preferences are shown toward: 1. Family Reunification About ¾ of immigrants 2. Skilled Workers Approximately ¼ of immigrants Contributes to brain drain in the home country 3. Diversity A few immigrants are admitted because their sending country historically has sent very few migrants Quotas do not apply to refugees. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Ravenstein noted that most migrants are… Most long-distance migrants are male Although females now make up 55% of U.S. immigrants Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children Only 5% of immigrants are over the age of 65 Children under 15 comprise 16% of immigrants to the U.S. Most migrants tend to be less educated than U.S. citizens

Unauthorized Immigration Unauthorized immigrants are those who enter a country without proper documents. Characteristics of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. 1. Source Country Roughly 58 percent emigrate from Mexico 2. Children Of estimated 11.2 million unauthorized immigrants, nearly 1 million are children. Unauthorized immigrants have given birth to 4.5 million children on U.S. soil, making the children U.S. citizens. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unauthorized Immigrants to the U.S. FIGURE 3-34 NUMBER OF UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES Most unauthorized immigrants in the United States are from Mexico. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unauthorized Immigration 3. Years in the U.S. Duration of residency has increased for unauthorized immigrants. In 2010, 35 percent of adults had been in U.S. for at least 15 years. 4. Labor Force Approximately 8 million unauthorized immigrants are employed in the U.S. 5. Distribution Texas and California have largest number of unauthorized immigrants © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unauthorized Immigration Mexico’s Border with the United States The U.S. recognizes motives that compel unauthorized immigrants to enter illegally Employment Opportunities Family Reunification Better Way of Life View from Mexico is more complex Residents of northern Mexico wish for compassion to be shown to unauthorized immigrants. Residents of southern Mexico are less tolerant because of number of unauthorized immigrants entering Mexico from Guatemala. Mexico’s government estiamtes nearly 2 million people a year cross into Mexico illegally through its southern border. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Border crossing from Nueva Progresso, Mexico to Progresso, Texas FIGURE 3-37 U.S.-MEXICO BORDER: PEDESTRIAN CROSSING Pedestrians cross from Nueva Progreso, Mexico (foreground), to Progreso, Texas. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Attitudes toward Immigrants Immigration Concerns in the U.S. Most U.S. citizens can see both sides to the dispute over the Mexican border Border Patrol They would like more effective border control, but they don’t want to spend more money to solve the issue. Workplace Most recognize that unauthorized immigrants take jobs that no one else wants

Attitudes toward Immigrants Civil Rights Americans fear that letting law enforcement stop and verify the legal status of anyone is a violation of civil rights of U.S. citizens Local Initiatives Polls suggest U.S. citizens believe unauthorized immigration is a pressing matter to the nation, but it should only be dealt with at the federal level and not the local level. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Attitudes toward Immigrants Immigration Concerns in Europe Population growth in Europe is fueled by immigration from other regions of the world, a trend disliked by many Europeans. Biggest fear is that the host country’s culture will be lost, because immigrants: adhere to different religions speak different languages practice different food and other cultural habits Some political parties take an anti-immigration stance. Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-43 MIGRATION FLOWS WITHIN EUROPE The largest flows are from Poland to Germany and from Romania to Spain. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Attitudes toward Immigrants Europeans as Emigrants Europe’s attitude toward immigrants is especially ironic. Europe was the source of most of the world’s emigrants, during the nineteenth century. Most Europeans fear losing their cultural heritage to that of new immigrants, while: Indo-European languages are now spoken by half of the world, as a result of European emigrants. Christianity has the world’s largest number of adherents. European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have diffused throughout the world. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.