Do Now Read the article and answer the questions

Respiratory System Chapter 16

Objectives To understand the functions of the respiratory system. To identify the major organs and components of the respiratory system.

The Respiratory System Intro to Respiration Video

Respiratory Fun! Complete the Crossword, Wordsearch, and fill-in the blank to see how much you already know about the Respiratory System!

Do Now Define the following terms… Tidal volume Vital Capacity

Objectives To determine your own vital capacity and tidal volumes. To graph the vital capacity of an athlete vs. a non-athlete.

Lung Capacity Lab

Do Now Name as many structures involved in the respiratory system as possible!

Objectives To explain the functions of the respiratory system. To identify the different organs and structures that are part of the respiratory system.

Functions of the Respiratory System Obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Trap particles from incoming air and help control the temperature and water content of the air Produce vocal sounds Participate in the sense of smell Regulate blood pH

Organs of the Respiratory System 1) Upper Respiratory Tract Nose Nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx 2) Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea Bronchial tree lungs

Organs of the Respiratory System

The Nose Two nostrils- openings in which air can enter and leave Nasal septum- divides the cavity into left and right cavities Nasal conchae- bones that curl out, dividing the cavity into passageways

Mucus Membrane Lines the nasal cavity and help increase its surface area Contains pseudostratified ciliated epithelium Goblet cells secrete mucus Blood vessels warm air

Cilia

Sinuses Air-filled spaces located within the skull Reduce the weight of the skull Affect the quality of the voice

Pharynx Behind the oral cavity and between the nasal cavity and larynx Common passageway for food esophagus and air larynx

Larynx Air enters the larynx through the glottis The epiglottis folds over the glottis, preventing entry of liquids or food 9 cartilages Vocal cords surround glottis Puberty changes caused by testosterone, vocal cords lengthen and enlarge- lower tones *Laryngoscopy Video!

Larynx

Trachea- “Windpipe” C-shaped cartilage rings (hyaline cartilage) keep passageways open Opening of cartilage is near the back of trachea to allow food to pass through the esophagus Smooth muscle changes the size of the trachea when it contracts

Bronchi/Bronchioles Trachea branches into the right and left primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi and so on… Bronchiole: when the bronchi no longer have cartilage they are called bronchioles. Asthma Video Clip

Bronchioles lead to Alveoli Respiratory bronchioles open into passageways called alveolar ducts that end at alveolar sacs

Alveoli

Review Mouth  Pharynx (throat)  Larnyx (voicebox)  Trachea (windpipe)  Bronchi  Primary, secondary and tertiary Bronchioles  Terminal bronchiole  Respiratory bronchiole  Alveoli

Do Now List the pathway of air beginning with breathing through the nose!

Objectives To explain the function and necessity of surfactant in the lungs. To explain the differences in pressure during inspiration and expiration. To define the different volumes and capacities within the lungs.

The Lungs Contains Lobes Within the “pleural cavity” Right lung= 3 lobes Left Lung= 2 lobes Within the “pleural cavity” Parietal pleural membrane Visceral pleural membrane

Breathing Vocab Ventilation: breathing Inspiration: inhalation, breathing in Expiration: exhalation, breathing out

Inspiration Atmospheric pressure forces air into the lungs while diaphragm is contracting. Pressure is higher outside the lungs

Surface Tension Alveoli attract water molecules and cause surface tension, alveoli are harder to inflate and can actually collapse Alveolar cells synthesize “surfactant” to fight this and make it easier to inflate the alveoli.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome Premature babies do not produce sufficient surfactant and cannot breathe properly. Doctors drip synthetic surfactant into their lungs through a tube and they breath using a ventilator.

Expiration The elastic recoil of the lung tissue and decreased diameter of the alveoli creates a very slightly greater pressure inside the lungs than the atmosphere, forcing the air out.

Non-respiratory Air Movements Coughing: airway obstruction in lower respiratory tract causes us to inhale, close the glottis, and force air out, opening the glottis and forcing out the obstruction. Sneezing: airway obstruction in upper respiratory tract, air forced through glottis into nasal passage. (can be propelled out at 200mph! Gross!!) Laughing: Taking a breath and releasing it in short expirations. Hiccuping: sudden inspiration due to a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm when the glottis is closed, passing air over vocal cords causes a hiccup sound. Yawning: low blood-oxygen concentration triggers yawn reflex that ventilates more of the alveoli.

Respiratory Volumes Measure by an instrument called a “spirometer”. We already know 1 volume from our lab. What is it?

Respiratory Volumes Tidal Volume: volume of air entering or leaving during a single respiratory cycle. Inspiratory Reserve Volume: extra air in lungs during forced inspiration. Expiratory Reserve Volume: air that exits during forced expiration. Residual Volume: air left in lungs even after forced expiration.

Respiratory Capacities Combining two or more volumes gives us a capacity. 1) Vital capacity= inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume. 2) Inspiratory capacity= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume. 3) Function residual capacity= expiratory reserve volume + residual volume. 4) Total Lung Capacity= vital capacity + residual volume. (about 5,800 ml)

Respiratory Capacities

Review Which non-respiratory air movement can clear an obstruction from the upper respiratory tract? If you were to completely breath out everything you have in your lungs, what “volume” would still be left in there? What is the name of the substance that allows inflation of the alveoli and is lacking in respiratory distress syndrome?

Respiratory Diseases Read about the respiratory conditions and answer the questions.