Environmental Science Relationship between biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) organisms It is an interdisciplinary subject

Renewable vs NonRenewable Nonrenewable resources- Are not replenished within a lifetime Renewable resources- Infinite amount of use for these resources.

The past Century Life expectancy has risen from 46 to 67 years Infant mortality rate has been cut by 2/3 (from 157 to 52 deaths per thousand live births). Income per capita has nearly tripled. Economic output has risen seven fold from $7 to 46 trillion.

Past 100 years 1.2 billion people live on less than $1 per day. Income gap between richest and the poorest countries is enormous and growing. The richest 800 people in the world have the same amount of money as the poorest 3 billion

Population Growth Ecosystems have been transformed for human uses. Has placed great demands on the natural environment and will continue to do so. Ecosystems have been transformed for human uses. The waste products of our economy are polluting air, land, and water.

Population Growth Beginning of human history to the early 1800’s. 1830 - 1 billion. 1930 – population doubles to 2 billion 1960 – 3 billion 1975 – 4 billion 1987 – 5 billion 1999 – 6 billion 2012 – 7 billion

Graph the world’s population Year 0 – 300,000,000 1000 AD – 254,000,000 1500 AD – 460,000,000 What will be the population in 2024? 2047? 2200? 2500?

Patterns of Growth/Decline Prior to 1800’s diseases that were fatal were more prevalent. Reproductive rates were balanced with death rates Black plague in 14th century

Growth/Decline 1960’s growth rate had peaked, then slowly declined Population growth is largely contributed by new medical care. Immunizations were developed to protect people from diseases. People were treating drinking and sewage water 1930s- penicillin is introduced

Louis Pasteur Discovered that diseases are Transmittable. Helped in developing Treatments and vaccinations For many diseases.

Reasons for Growth Lack of an education. Land to cultivate Cultural norms, take pride. No government support, financial or political, for family planning. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/7-billion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8dkWQVFAoA

Developing/Developed Countries

Developed countries The average American places at least 20 times the demand on Earth’s resources as does the average person in Bangladesh. Consumption has lead to depletion of ozone, climate change and toxic waste accumulation. U.S. makes up 5% of the world’s population and is responsible for 24% of emissions.

Developing Countries Have a lower living standard. Less income Economy is not as developed. Government may not be in tact. Technology is not advanced

Environmental Impact I = P x A x T I – Environmental Impact P – Population A – Consumption Patterns T – Technology of the society

Graphing terms Linear growth – an increase in an amount that continues to rise at the same rate. Exponential growth – a pattern that will continue to increase by multiplying the previous value by a constant factor. Slope – Rise/Run Carrying Capacity- The maximum population an ecosystem can support on a sustainable basis. Do we have one? “R Value” – Rate of Growth

Population Demographics Help determine multiple characteristics of a given population: Race Ethnicity Religion Age Income Location

Population Pyramid

Fertility Rate Population growth occurs when births outnumber deaths. Without a high mortality rate, population growth is caused by births Total fertility rate- average number of children each woman in a population has over her lifetime. Fertility rate at 2 will keep a stable population

Thomas Malthus Believed that unless population growth were controlled by laws or other social structures, the number of people would outgrow the available food supply until starvation, war or disease reduced the population.

New Land for Agriculture To keep up with increasing demands, more land is needed to produce food supplies. Forcing mass emigrations. Cities provide employment Can not provide basic services.

Managing Population China, Thailand and India have created campaigns. Public advertising Family planning programs Economic incentives Legal punishments