[BUILDING SYSTEMS] & MATERIALS INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST HALF OF [BUILDING SYSTEMS] & MATERIALS =>

engineered materials: natural materials: stone wood engineered materials: concrete & cast stone brick & terra cotta glass wood metals plastics & composites

_____ _____ granite sandstone limestone marble

_____

_____

__________

_______ _______ oak cherry maple pine

_________ _________

_______

_____ _____ _______________ hematite => Fe2O3 magnetite => Fe3O4 limonite/goethite => FeO.OH

_________ _______________ hematite => Fe2O3 magnetite => Fe3O4 limonite/goethite => FeO.OH

________ _______________ hematite => Fe2O3 => 2 Fe + 1½ O2 magnetite => Fe3O4 => 3 Fe + 2 O2 limonite/goethite => FeO.OH => 2 Fe + H2O + ½ O2

________ _______________ …further processing casting forging annealing quenching

______

_______ _______ clay sand temper

_______ _______

_________ _______ mixing mining molding

_________ _______ firing

_______ _________ cement rock cement rock mine sand sand quarry gravel gravel quarry

_______ cement kiln clinker

_______ _______ clinker clinker grinder portland cement

_______ just add water ===> ===>

How materials are stressed or loaded 1: These properties are exploited for the purpose of building (or building is limited by them).

How materials are stressed or loaded 2: shear stress torsional stress compression-shear stress

generic stress-strain curves

stress-strain curve of three common building materials

stress-strain curve of cast iron in compression and in tension

strengths of various stones in pounds per square inch (psi) The materials of construction, John Butler Johnson, 1909

stress-strain curve of Carrara marble in flexure (3-point bend)

Wood: native material (and later an engineered material) and the quintessential anisotropic (orthotropic) material.

3-point bend testing of wood

3-point bend data for common woods

stress-strain diagram for wood

stress-strain diagram for brick

stress-strain diagram for concrete

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