Bellringer: Write a thesis to the Ottoman Empire C/COT prompt from last class 15 minutes Change and Continuity Over Time The CCOT is an essay about how things changed and stayed the same through a time period in a given location. You also want to address how and why things changed. This will help explain the historical context of the time. Prompt: Analyze the continuities and changes in the political and social structure of the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922.

C/COT Continuities Changes 1299 1912 State-building, expansion, and conflict Political structures and forms of governance Empires Nations and nationalism Revolts and revolutions Regional, trans-regional, & global structures/organizations Development and transformation of social structures Gender roles and relations Family and kinship Racial and ethnic constructions Social and economic classes

Examples of Thesis Statements Unacceptable: There were many social and political changes and continuities in the Ottoman Empire from 1299-1922. Acceptable: Between 1299 and 1922 the Ottoman Empire experienced a decline and eventual fall, but during this time the social classes remained consistent. Excellent: By 1922. the Ottoman Empire was once a “gunpower” empire but experienced a fall from global dominance and a weakened central government due to the rise of Western Europe, while social groups remained consistent with a warrior class the janissaries, merchants, and peasants. Thesis template if you are confused: In the period _________________________to ____________________, ____________________________ ____________________________ changed from ____________________________ ____________________________ ________________to ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________, while ____________________________ ___________________ stayed the same.

Note: “Industrialization of Russia” Write what is BLUE

Intellectual Ideas Social Darwinism 19th-century theory, inspired by Darwinism, by which the social order(classes) is accounted as the product of natural selection of those persons best suited to existing living conditions and in accord with which a position of laissez-faire is advocated

Capitalism Capitalism – private industries compete for profit without government regulation Results in class struggle between the middle class (bourgeoisie) and the worker class (proletariat) Eventually the workers will revolt – international and violent revolution

Revolution would bring a new economic system, Socialism No social classes The state will own the means of production and redistribute goods to the people as needed (sharing) In a perfect world…Over time, this system will work so well that the state will become unnecessary and disappear  Communism

Political and Economic movements Marxism Karl Marxism = Marx’s version of communism Communism is a socioeconomic system structured upon common ownership of the means of production and characterized by the absence of social classes, money, and the state; as well as a social, political and economic ideology and movement that aims to establish this social order. German Karl Marx, born 1818 He witnessed the Industrial Revolution and viewed capitalism as unfair to the worker class Those who worked most received the least profit

Economic Systems Game Assignment: Procedure: Time allotted: Play Rock, Paper, Scissors to obtain your opponent’s goods Procedure: If you win, you take your opponents goods and vice versa Time allotted: You will play until your teacher calls time What society did your game of Rock, Paper, Scissors just represent? Wait! We’ve just undergone a revolution and we’re actually a ______________ society now! As a result, I (acting as governing body) will be taking their tokens and redistributing fairly.

Russia

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance Peter the Great: westernization meant more autocratic rule (time of absolute monarchies) Creates Navy Gets rid of the council of nobles/replaces with advisors he controls Tax system- more burden on peasantry Landlords awarded for using serfs in mining and industries Nobles shaved beards

Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance Catherine the Great wanted to make sure that no revolts/uprisings occurred among their lower class as in the French Revolution. still follow a system of serfdom In fact, leading up to 1861 many people looked to Russia as a model of community and stability.

Holy Alliance A new tsar, Alexander I, sponsors an idea that will include an alliance among the conservative monarchies of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. They were joining this alliance in defense of their religion and in defense of one another Did very little Defending the status quo became a touchy subject as the West progresses

Decembrist uprisings Russia’s ruling elite welcomed most westernization into the country, EXCEPT for liberal or radical political views Censorship 1825- the Decembrist Uprising was a revolt of western oriented army officers Factional group convinced some troops to not take a loyalty oath to the new Tsar, Nicholas I It inspired the tsar at the time, Nicholas I, to instill even more adamant conservatism in Russia Everything became closely monitored, schools, newspapers, secret police grew. No political criticism allowed

Political Repression Because of the political repression, Russia avoided the wave of revolutions that spread through Europe in 1830 to 1848.

Economic and Social Aspects of Russia Mid 1800s Russia remains expansionist- puts pressure on Ottoman Empire to gain lands Congress of Vienna- confirmed hold over Poland Russia does not initially industrialize at the same pace as the rest of Europe Prussia and Austria introduce railways, Russia stays put increase grain production Not by using new technology instead by higher demands on their serfs

Crimean War 1854-1865 Fought on the black sea over territory belonging to the Ottomans France and Britain send troops to help push Russians back Russians armies lose because of lack of industrialization- their weapons are weaker, the ships of the British send massive amounts of new artillery and weapons and defeat the TOUGH military of Russia OH NO moment for Russia

Alexander II Tsar at the time of the war, Alexander II, realizes need western reform Ultimately leads to emancipation of the serfs in 1861 WHY? If they want to have any type of an industrial labor force then they will need to have a “working class.” Other reforms: New Law codes- serfs were legally free Zemstvoes- local political councils that could regulate roads, schools, etc. Officers of the army promoted based on merit Literacy improved Women (upper class) could gain access to higher education Sex before marriage increased

Modernization Printing factories, textile plants, metalworking shops, begin to spring up in Russia – specifically Moscow and St. Petersburg The minister of finance during this time, Sergei Witte, enacted high tariffs to protect new Russian industry Russia becomes 4th rank in steel production 2nd in petroleum production Trans Siberian railroad, which connected European Russia with the Pacific- completed near the end of 1880s Railroad boom directly stimulated expansion of coal and iron industry Railroad development also stimulated the export of grain to the west Opened up Siberia to new development which brought Russia into a more active Asian role

Protest and Revolution in Russia Change did not come fast enough Two groups developed Business and professional people sought liberal reforms (a political voice and new rights) Intelligentsia- radical articulate intellectuals wanted to destroy old institutions while building a new society Some radicals became anarchists- abolish all formal government Caused first large scale terrorist movement Unrest caused more conservatism

1870s Terrorism increased and Alexander II pulls back reforms Censorship is tightened Dissidents were arrested and sent to Siberia Alexander II killed in a terror attack Successors continued to industrialize and oppose political reform Minorities were repressed To stop their unrest and to gain the support of the aristocracy Forced to learn Russian Jewish pogroms- mass attacks and seizure of property 1890’s- Russian intelligentsia wanted a proletarian revolution based on Marxist ideals

Questions to answer What was his initial occupation? Why was Lenin carefully watched and expelled from school? Name two individuals he studied. Which writer influenced him the most? Summarize his ideas. What disastrous event happened? How did Lenin respond to this event? When or where did Marx say the revolution would happen? How did Lenin respond?

Vladimir Lenin Bureaucratic family whose brother was hanged after a trial Innovations to Marxist theory: Due to advance of industrialization, a proletariat was developing in advance of industry Proletariat: the social class that works but does not have ownership of the goods/materials they produce. They can only survive by working Could have a revolution without a middle class phase Found attractive by the Bolsheviks Working class became much more radical then in the west

Revolution of 1905 Military defeat in 1904 and 1905 Everyone protested Russo-Japanese War: Russia lost to Japan Fought for control of Korea and Manchuria Everyone protested Workers protested for political gains Peasants led insurrections Liberal groups caused problems Duma is created National parliament Passed Stolypin reforms Peasants gained greater freedom from redemption payments (could buy and sell land more freely) Kulaks: aggressive entrepreneurs Problems still… duma stripped of power, workers rights weren’t expanded upon, police repression continued… Sets the stage for WWI

C/COT- Analyze the political and economic continuities and changes in Russia between 1700 and 1915 Step 1: Set up context of what Russia was like in 1700 both politically and economically Step 2: