Population & Migration Overcrowded v Overpopulation: overpopulation is when # of population is more than resources. In some regions there is overpopulation but globally not overpopulated 2/3 of population near water & within 300 miles of an ocean Ecumene: permanent human settlement

Population & Migration 2/3 of population clustered in East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, & Europe ¾ of the World's Population occupy 5% of earths land surface 4 types of lands: Dry Wet Cold High

Population & Migration Population density: Arithmetic Density: # of people per land area Physiological Density: # of people per arable land Agricultural Density: # of farmers per arable land Population Growth: Natural Increase Rate= CBR/CDR (it is per 1,000) Doubling Time Total Fertility Rate: average # children women will have Infant Mortality Rate: # of infants deaths (under 1)

Population & Migration Demographic Transition Four stages Stage 1: Low growth Agricultural revolution Stage 2: High growth Industrial Revolution Stage 3: Moderate growth Stage 4: Low growth Stage 5: zero-negative growth Zero population growth (ZPG)

Population & Migration Population pyramids- A bar graph showing a place’s age and sex composition Shape of the pyramid is determined mainly by the CBR Age distribution Dependency ratio- # of productive/working compared to the # that are nonproductive Sex distribution Sex ratio- # of males to females

Population & Migration Demographic transition & world population growth Most countries = stage 2 (High) or stage 3 (Moderate) of the Demographic Transition Stages 2 and 3 are characterized by significant population growth NO country is in stage 1 of the demographic transition It is easier to cause a drop in the CDR than in the CBR

Population & Migration Malthus on overpopulation An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798): Population grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically Declining birth rates Reasons for declining birth rates Reliance on economic development Changes in society: focus on education, role of women, healthcare, etc Distribution of contraceptives Reducing birth rates with contraception

Population & Migration The epidemiologic transition- distinctive causes of death during demographic transition Stage 1: Pestilence and famine Stage 2: Receding pandemics Stage 3: Degenerative diseases Stage 4: Delayed degenerative diseases possible Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious diseases?

Population & Migration Migration: is a permanent move to a new location Emigration- migration from a location Immigration- migration to a location Net Migration- difference between emigrants to immigrants

Population & Migration Primitive Migration Hunter / Gatherers Mass Migration (aka Group Migration) Involves a large # of people, such as colonialism Free Migration Deciding to migrate without coercion, support, or compulsion Restricted Migration Migration today is limited by laws, quotas, etc. Impelled & Forced Migration Trail of Tears Japanese-American internment camps Nazi resettlement Slavery Rural-to-Urban Migration Economic

Population & Migration Reasons for migration Most people migrate for economic reasons Push and pull factors Push Factor- induces people to move away Pull Factor- induces people to move to that location

Population & Migration Intervening obstacles- hinders migration. Cultural or environmental Historically, intervening obstacles = environmental Transportation technology = limited environmental intervening obstacles Internal migration (Most Prevalent) 2 types: Interregional migration = movement from one region to another. ex: Miami to Orlando Intraregional migration = movement within a region.

Population & Migration Migration Transition: a change in migration due to societal changes. Ex: industrial revolution people moved from rural to urban. international migration is most common in countries that are in stage 2 of the demographic transition

Population & Migration Characteristics of migrants Most long-distance migrants are Male Adults Individuals

Population & Migration Global migration patterns Net out-migration: Asia, Africa, and Latin America (losing people) Net in-migration: North America, Europe, and Oceania (gaining people) The United States has the largest foreign-born population. Not the highest rate. (Australia, Canada)

Population & Migration U.S. migration patterns Three main eras of migration Colonial migration from England and Africa Nineteenth-century immigration from Europe Recent immigration from LDCs Destinations California = one-fifth of all immigrants and one-fourth of undocumented immigrants New York = one-sixth of all immigrants Chain migration- migration of people because relatives or same nationally people live there

Population & Migration Intraregional migration in the United States Migration from rural to urban areas Primary reason = economic migration Migration from urban to suburban areas Primary reason = suburban lifestyle Migration from urban to rural areas Counterurbanization

Population growth in the developed regions of the world is mostly attributed to ______ whereas developing countries typically grow as a result of _________. Immigration…natural increase Natural increase…immigration Education…political incentives Religion…gender imbalance Pro-nationalist policies…political turmoil

Population growth in the developed regions of the world is mostly attributed to ______ whereas developing countries typically grow as a result of _________. Immigration…natural increase Natural increase…immigration Education…political incentives Religion…gender imbalance Pro-nationalist policies…political turmoil Answer: A Most countries in the developed world are at or below replacement-level fertility, meaning if population growth is growing its occurring, it’s most likely occurring because of immigration. In developing countries where fertility levels are higher (but decreasing), growth is attributed to natural increase.

In which of the following world regions would you be most likely to find population pyramids with wide bases? Sub- Sahara Africa Europe North America Oceania East Asia

In which of the following world regions would you be most likely to find population pyramids with wide bases? Sub- Sahara Africa Europe North America Oceania East Asia Answer: A Many countries in Sub-Sahara Africa are in stage 2 of the demographic transition model- high birth rates, decreases in death rates, and tremendous growth. This stage, in the population pyramid, is depicted with a wide base that reflects the young (and growing) populations of many of these countries.